Avoiding chronic and transitory poverty

This paper uses a panel data of 347 households in Egypt to measure changes in household consumption between 1997 and 1999 and to identify causes behind the changes. Per capita consumption decreased for the households during this time and, while not dramatic, it occurred at all points along the distribution. Over the two-year period, the number of households that fell into poverty was over twice as large as the number of households that climbed out of poverty. About two-thirds of overall poverty was chronic (average consumption over time was below the poverty line), and almost half of all poor were always poor. We use quantile regression methods to identify the factors that explain total, chronic, and transitory poverty. While our analysis ably documents the extent of transitory poverty, it does not explain well the determinants of this type of poverty. The predominantly chronic nature of poverty in the sample, and our ability to identify associated characteristics, strengthens the case for targeting antipoverty interventions such as food subsidies.Household consumption. ,Poverty Egypt. ,Poverty Research Methodology. ,Poverty alleviation Egypt. ,Subsidies Egypt. ,Food relief Egypt. ,Households Egypt. ,

Avoiding chronic and transitory poverty

This paper uses a panel data of 347 households in Egypt to measure changes in household consumption between 1997 and 1999 and to identify causes behind the changes. Per capita consumption decreased for the households during this time and, while not dramatic, it occurred at all points along the distribution. Over the two-year period, the number of households that fell into poverty was over twice as large as the number of households that climbed out of poverty. About two-thirds of overall poverty was chronic (average consumption over time was below the poverty line), and almost half of all poor were always poor. We use quantile regression methods to identify the factors that explain total, chronic, and transitory poverty. While our analysis ably documents the extent of transitory poverty, it does not explain well the determinants of this type of poverty. The predominantly chronic nature of poverty in the sample, and our ability to identify associated characteristics, strengthens the case for targeting antipoverty interventions such as food subsidies.Household consumption. ,Poverty Egypt. ,Poverty Research Methodology. ,Poverty alleviation Egypt. ,Subsidies Egypt. ,Food relief Egypt. ,Households Egypt. ,

EXTERNAL DEBT: A POTENTIAL TOOL FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Debt (domestic or external) is a feature, or rather, an integral part of eve!J' mudem econumy. Developed and developing nations borrow to enhance development. However. while the developing nations borrow to fasl-lrack the process of economic developmenl, the developed nations borrow to keep their economies running and making progress. Theoretically, nations resort to external borrowing to fast-track the process of economic development and Nigeria is not leji out. However, emerging evidence from most borrowing nations, particularly, African countries, shows that rather than develop, they end up poorer and more underdeveloped, thereby bringing to test the theoretical basis for external debt acquisition. In Nigeria, for instance, it is argued that the level of infrastructural deficiency, rising unemployment, poverty, etc do notjus(!jy the quantum of external debts outstanding as at 2004 (S35.94billion) and that the country was more developed in the 1 960s than presently. Evidence from available literatw-e however support.\" this argument A number of factors have been identified as impediments to the noble objective of external borrowing and relevant recommendations made to resolve the paradox

Summary of booster propulsion/vehicle impact study results

Hydrogen, RP-1, propane, and methane were identified by propulsion technology studies as the most probable fuel candidates for the boost phase of future launch vehicles. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of booster engines using these fuels and coolant variations on representative future launch vehicles. An automated procedure for integrated launch vehicle, engine sizing, and design optimization was used to optimize two stage and single stage concepts for minimum dry weight. The two stage vehicles were unmanned and used a flyback booster and partially reusable orbiter. The single stage designs were fully reusable, manned flyback vehicles. Comparisons of these vehicle designs, showing the effects of using different fuels, as well as sensitivity and trending data, are presented. In addition, the automated design technique is described

Gaussian quadrature exponential sum modeling of near infrared methane laboratory spectra obtained at temperatures from 106 to 297 K

Transmission measurements made on near-infrared laboratory methane spectra have previously been fit using a Malkmus band model. The laboratory spectra were obtained in three groups at temperatures averaging 112, 188, and 295 K; band model fitting was done separately for each temperature group. These band model parameters cannot be used directly in scattering atmosphere model computations, so an exponential sum model is being developed which includes pressure and temperature fitting parameters. The goal is to obtain model parameters by least square fits at 10/cm intervals from 3800 to 9100/cm. These results will be useful in the interpretation of current planetary spectra and also NIMS spectra of Jupiter anticipated from the Galileo mission

The Transcriptional Corepressor NAB2 Inhibits NGF-induced Differentiation of PC12 Cells

The PC12 pheochromocytoma cell line responds to NGF by undergoing growth arrest and proceeding to differentiate toward a neuronal phenotype. Among the early genetic events triggered by NGF in PC12 cells are the rapid activation of the zinc finger transcription factor Egr1/NGFI-A, and a slightly delayed induction of NAB2, a corepressor that inhibits Egr1 transcriptional activity. We found that stably transfected PC12 cells expressing high levels of NAB2 do not differentiate, but rather continue to proliferate in response to NGF. Inhibition of PC12 differentiation by NAB2 overexpression was confirmed using two additional experimental approaches, transient transfection, and adenoviral infection. Early events in the NGF signaling cascade, such as activation of MAP kinase and induction of immediate-early genes, were unaltered in the NAB2-overexpressing PC12 cell lines. However, induction of delayed NGF response genes such as TGF-beta 1 and MMP-3 was inhibited. Furthermore, NAB2 overexpression led to downregulation of p21WAF1, a molecule previously shown to play a pivotal role in the ability of PC12 cells to undergo growth arrest and commit to differentiation in response to NGF. Cotransfection with p21WAF1 restored the ability of NAB2-overexpressing PC12 cells to differentiate in response to NGF

The Ursinus Weekly, May 9, 1966

Student governments to merge: Campus opinion favors merger; Next year seen as likely time • MSGA representatives announced: Elections held, merger or not • Pettit advises men on draft • Bang up job on Spring Festival • Campus Chest adds new charity • Editor reviews The Tender Trap • Editorial: But why merge? • Letters to the editor • Powerful scope atop Pfahler shoots moon, stars, planets: Students, faculty view galaxies millions of light years away • S-ball team swamps Penn; Loses to WC in 13 innings • Troster wins pair; Bears lose to Drexel • Women\u27s tennis team splits 2 matches • UC thumps Albright, falls to Leb. Valley • New golf team wins • Greek gleaningshttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/weekly/1225/thumbnail.jp

EVALUATING THE PROSPECTS OF THE ANCHOR BORROWERS’ PROGRAMME FOR SMALL SCALE FARMERS IN NIGERIA

The quest to tackle the problems bedevilling the agricultural sector and help Nigeria get out of the current recession occasioned by over dependence on oil revenue, necessitated the launch of the Anchor Borrowers’ Programme (ABP) in 2015. It involves the provision of farm inputs in kind and cash (for farm labour) to smallholder farmers (SHF) to boost production of the targeted commodities. At harvest, the SHF supply his/her produce to the Agro-processor (referred to as the Anchor) who pays the cash equivalent to the farmer’s account. The ABP concept is like the contract farmer concept which has been found to be effective in other countries like India. The success of the pilot project which was carried out in Kebbi State for rice has been very remarkable. About 78,000 rural farmers in Kebbi State benefitted from the programme, which used integrated rice millers as buyers to ensure that there was a ready market for the produce. Yields as high as 7.5 to 8.0 tonnes per hectare were obtained by farmers compared with less than 2.0 tonnes per hectare previously obtained and smallholder farmers were made Naira millionaires in Kebbi State in 201

AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAIN FINANCING AND SMALL SCALE FARMERS IN NIGERIA: THE PRE-REQUISITES

value chain is a connected string of companies, groups and other players working together to satisfy market demands for a particular product or group of products. In recent times, Financial Institutions are more interested in financing various actors along the value chain, with emphasis on cash flow rather than any form of collateral. Value chain approach to agribusiness financing considers the market first and assesses the level of development of the value chain. However, in Nigeria as in most other Sub- Saharan African countries where agriculture is still characterized by small scale producers and disjointed agricultural value chains, a lot still needs to be done to be able to achieve success with the concept of value chain financing in the bid to transform the agricultural sector and accelerate economic development. One of the pre-requisites for making the concept of agricultural value chain financing work efficiently in Nigeria where over 90 percent of agricultural output in the country is produced by small-holders with less than 2 hectares under cropping is connecting farmers to market