Effect of Maternal Deprivation on Brain and Behaviors in Experimental Models

Erken gelişim döneminde yaşanan olumsuz deneyimler yetişkinlik dönemi davranışlarını etkilemektedir. Anne yoksunluğu, uzun süreli anne bakımından yoksun kalma sonucunda çocuğun kişilik gelişiminde geri dönüşümsüz ve şiddetli etkilerin olması şeklinde tanımlanmaktadır. Anne yoksunluğu, merkezi sinir sisteminde yapısal, hormonal, nörokimyasal ve davranışsal bir takım değişikliklere yol açmaktadır. Buyazıda, güncel çalışmalar ışığında, anne yoksunluğunun merkezi sinir sistemi ve davranışlar üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir

The effects of zinc chloride during early embryonic development in zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio)

This study investigated the developmental toxicity of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) in zebrafish embryos (Brachydanio rerio, Cyprinidae, Cypriniformes). Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 5 different concentrations of ZnCl2, from the blastula stage, for 15 days under static renewal test conditions. As a result, the corresponding median lethal concentration (LC50) value determined for ZnCl2 exposure was 1.36 mg/L (0.65 mg/L as a lone Zn2+ ion). At 1.0 mg/L ZnCl2, the exposed group’s hatching began at 7 days instead of at 4 days, and most of the embryos died in the chorion without hatching at 11 and 12 days. Developmental deformities such as abnormal embryogenesis, low hatchability, delayed hatching, and reduction of newly hatched larvae, and a poor survival ratio (mortality ratio of 1.5 and 10 mg/L concentrations compared to control, P < 0.001), were observed during the embryo larval stage due to zinc exposure. Based on these results, we observed that critical and teratogenic effects of ZnCl2 on embryonic development of zebrafish occurred at concentrations greater than 0.5 mg/L. Moreover, our results confirm that the zebrafish embryo teratogenesis assay can be a useful pretest for integrated biological hazard assessment of chemical agents used in industrial production and drug development technologies.This study investigated the developmental toxicity of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) in zebrafish embryos (Brachydanio rerio, Cyprinidae, Cypriniformes). Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 5 different concentrations of ZnCl2, from the blastula stage, for 15 days under static renewal test conditions. As a result, the corresponding median lethal concentration (LC50) value determined for ZnCl2 exposure was 1.36 mg/L (0.65 mg/L as a lone Zn2+ ion). At 1.0 mg/L ZnCl2, the exposed group’s hatching began at 7 days instead of at 4 days, and most of the embryos died in the chorion without hatching at 11 and 12 days. Developmental deformities such as abnormal embryogenesis, low hatchability, delayed hatching, and reduction of newly hatched larvae, and a poor survival ratio (mortality ratio of 1.5 and 10 mg/L concentrations compared to control, P < 0.001), were observed during the embryo larval stage due to zinc exposure. Based on these results, we observed that critical and teratogenic effects of ZnCl2 on embryonic development of zebrafish occurred at concentrations greater than 0.5 mg/L. Moreover, our results confirm that the zebrafish embryo teratogenesis assay can be a useful pretest for integrated biological hazard assessment of chemical agents used in industrial production and drug development technologies

Evaluation of E330-induced developmental toxicity using FETAX

The present study evaluates the teratogenic and toxicological effects of citric acid (E330), a food additive, on Xenopus laevis embryos. The embryos were exposed to a range of E330 concentrations, from stage 8 to 11 of development, for 96 h under static renewal test conditions. The median lethal concentrations, no-observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC), lowest observed adverse effect concentration (LOAEC), and minimum concentration to inhibit growth (MCIG) values were calculated. The lethal concentration (LC) values LC10, LC20, LC30, LC40, and LC50 determined for E330 exposure were 0.0113, 0.0117, 0.0119, 0.0122, and 0.0124 g/L, respectively. NOAEC and LOAEC values were calculated as 0.001 and 0.01 g/L. Since the effective concentration (EC50) value could not be determined, the E330 teratogenic index (TI), which is LC50/EC50, was not calculated. MCIG was calculated to be 0.010 g/L. The anomaly rate in Xenopus embryos treated with E330 was quite low. Therefore, the endpoint for the Xenopus embryos was whether they were alive or dead at the end of the study. It can be concluded from these observations that using unlimited amounts of E330 may result in preterm birth or abortion in humans, and E330 usage must be reevaluated and, potentially, limited. Moreover, our results confirm that the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay Xenopus (FETAX) can be a useful pretest for integrated biological hazard assessment.The present study evaluates the teratogenic and toxicological effects of citric acid (E330), a food additive, on Xenopus laevis embryos. The embryos were exposed to a range of E330 concentrations, from stage 8 to 11 of development, for 96 h under static renewal test conditions. The median lethal concentrations, no-observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC), lowest observed adverse effect concentration (LOAEC), and minimum concentration to inhibit growth (MCIG) values were calculated. The lethal concentration (LC) values LC10, LC20, LC30, LC40, and LC50 determined for E330 exposure were 0.0113, 0.0117, 0.0119, 0.0122, and 0.0124 g/L, respectively. NOAEC and LOAEC values were calculated as 0.001 and 0.01 g/L. Since the effective concentration (EC50) value could not be determined, the E330 teratogenic index (TI), which is LC50/EC50, was not calculated. MCIG was calculated to be 0.010 g/L. The anomaly rate in Xenopus embryos treated with E330 was quite low. Therefore, the endpoint for the Xenopus embryos was whether they were alive or dead at the end of the study. It can be concluded from these observations that using unlimited amounts of E330 may result in preterm birth or abortion in humans, and E330 usage must be reevaluated and, potentially, limited. Moreover, our results confirm that the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay Xenopus (FETAX) can be a useful pretest for integrated biological hazard assessment