Muscle cellular characteristics of male kids from Turkish indigenous goat breeds

Indices of the transcriptional and translational capacity of muscle cells are directly related to growth in various livestock species. The main aim of this study was, therefore, to determine cellular characteristics and their relationship with metric measurements and muscle fibers number in longissimus-dorsi (LD) and semitendinosus (ST) skeletal muscles from male kids born to Angora, Hair, Honamli and Kilis breeds. Kilis kids had significant lower (except for Hair kids) muscle cross-sectional area (MSCA) in LD and ST muscles (p<0.05). Also depth and length (except for Angora kids) of ST muscle were significantly lower (p<0.05) in Kilis kids. Honamli kids had a significant higher (p<0.05) concentrations of DNA and RNA in both muscles, while Kilis kids had a significant lower (p<0.05) total protein in ST muscle. Protein:DNA and protein:RNA ratios of Angora kids in both muscles were significantly higher compared to other breeds (p<0.05). There were positive correlations between muscle depth (MD) and protein, MSCA and DNA, MSCA and RNA, MSCA and protein (p<0.05) in LD muscle. Similarly, positive correlations between MD and protein, muscle length (ML) and RNA, ML and protein, MSCA and protein (p[removed

Anatomical and histological investigations of adventive root formation on laurel (laurus nobilis l.) cuttings

Laurus nobilis L. türüne ait çeliklerde adventif kök oluşumunun anatomik ve histolojik olarak incelendiği bu çalışma sonbahar ve ilkbahar dönemlerinde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada çeliklere köklenmeyi kolaylaştırmak amacı ile dikim öncesinde; çelik tabanında 1 cm yarma, 5000 ppm IBA, 3000 ppm IBA, kontrol, çelik tabanının 1 cm üzerinden bilezik alma ve 10 ppm etilen+14 gün sonra 3000 ppm IBA uygulaması olmak üzere altı farklı ön uygulama yapılmıştır. Dikim öncesi alınan çelik örnekleri üzerinde yapılan incelemeler sonucu bitkide hazır kök taslaklarının bulunmadığı saptanmıştır. Sonbahar döneminde dikim öncesi çelik tabanın 1 cm üzerinden bilezik alma uygulaması yapılan, İlkbahar döneminde ise dikim öncesinde 5000 ppm IBA, bilezik alma ve 10 ppm etilen+14 gün sonra 3000 ppm IBA uygulaması yapılan çeliklerden alınan örneklerde köklenmeye ilişkin hücre farklılaşmalarının olduğu, ilk kök primordiyum gelişmelerinin ve kök çıkışlarının dikimden sonraki 12. haftada başladığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, kök primordiası gelişiminin ve ilk kök çıkışlarının floem dokusundan meydana geldiği saptanmıştır.The study, in which the adventive root formation was investigated anatomically and histologicaly on cuttings of Laurus nobilis L., was conducted in autumn and spring seasons. Six pre-treatments, as follows; splitting at the base for 1 cm, 3000 ppm IBA, 5000 ppm IBA, control, ringing for 2-3 mm in width at 1 cm above the base, and 10 ppm ethylene+3000 ppm IBAafter 14 days, were applied to cuttings of laurel. As a result of investigations on samples of cuttings taken before planting to the mist propagation unit, it was determined that there were not any preformed root initials on the plant. In the samples taken from cuttings treated with ringing for 2-3 mm in width at 1 cm above the base before planting in autumn season and that treated with 5000 ppm IBA, ringing and 10 ppm ethylene+3000 ppm IBA after 14 days before planting in spring season, the cell differentiations related with rooting were observed. It was stated that the first developments of primordium th and the emergence of root were started at 12 week after planting. Furthermore, it was determined that the development of root primordia and root emergence were originated from the floem tissue

Potential use of some native herbaceous plants found of Samson mountain as ornamentals

Türkiye sahip oldugu zengin biyoçesitlilikle dünyanın sayılı gen merkezlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Ancak bu kadar büyük bir potansiyele sahip olmasına ragmen kültüre alınan bitki türlerine, bu zenginligin yeterince yansıtılamadıgı, uygulamalarda yogun olarak egzotik türlerin yer aldıgı görülmektedir. Günümüzde çevre sorunlarına yönelik ilginin artması ve ekolojik söylemin gündelik hayatta artan bir ilgiyle takip edilmesiyle beraber olusan bilinçlenme, insanları yeni beklenti ve arayıslara itmekte, bunun sonucu olarak da bitkilendirme çalısmalarında dogal bitki türlerinin kullanımının önemi giderek artmaktadır. Literatürde, dogal bitki türlerinin kentsel ve kırsal alanlarda kullanımının ekosistem bütünlügüne sagladıgı katkıları isaret eden sayısız arastırma mevcuttur. Ancak dogal bitki türlerinin sagladıgı katkılardan faydalanılabilmesi öncelikle her bölgeye özgü bitki türlerinin tanınması, arastırılması ve üretim yöntemlerinin ayrıntılı olarak belirlenmesine baglıdır. Bu baglamda yürütülen çalısmada Samson Dagı dogal bitki örtüsünde mevcut olan bazı otsu karakterdeki bitki türlerinin belirlenmesi ve peyzaj mimarlıgı uygulamalarında kullanımolanaklarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıstır. Çalısma sonucu amacımıza uygun özelliklere sahip ve bu özellikleri itibari ile bitkilendirme çalısmalarında kullanım potansiyeli tasıyan otsu karakterdeki bitki türlerinden 14 adedi degerlendirmeye alınmıs ve bu türlerin peyzaj mimarlıgı uygulamalarında kullanımolanakları irdelenmistir.Turkey is recognized as an important gene source, because of the rich genetic diversity found in Turkey's flora. Turkey has a great variety of native plant species. However, the number of cultivated plant species doesn't reflect this richness. Exotic species are extensively used for planting applications. Nowadays, environmental problems have attracted an increasing interest in public agenda raising the public awareness for ecological issues and creating significantly higher expectations. Using native species in landscape applications is becoming a more common practice. There is a great body of literature that denotes using native plant species to support ecological integrity of urban and rural spaces. To utilize these benefits, first of all, the flora of the each region has to be elaborately recognized and specific propagation methods have to be determined. The goal of this research was to determine some native herbaceous species present in Samson Mountain flora and their possible use as ornamental plants in landscape applications. As a result of this study, a total 14 native plant species to Mount Samson were selected and examined for their potential use in landscape architecture applications

Macromolecules Influence Cellular Competence and Expression Level of IGFs Genes in Bovine Oocytes In Vitro

Simple Summary The macromolecule content of culture media can affect the maturation competence of oocytes, which influences the subsequent in vitro development of embryos. This study was designed to determine the effects of macromolecules on cellular competence and the transcript level of insulin-like growth factors (IGF1, IGF2) and their receptors in bovine oocytes. The current study showed that bovine serum albumin (BSA) and fetal calf serum (FCS) improved nuclear maturation and protein biosynthesis (especially FCS). Polyvinyl alcohol did not support the antioxidant defense mechanism due to decreased glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity. The expression of the IGF1 gene could not be detected in all experimental groups, but BSA and FCS increased the transcript level of the IGF2 gene. Moreover, oocyte maturation with BSA increased the transcript level of the IGF1R gene, whereas the transcript level of the IGF2R gene was similar among macromolecule supplementation groups. The BSA and FCS could improve in vitro bovine oocyte development due to supporting cellular characteristics. In vitro maturation (IVM) of mammalian oocytes, which influences subsequent in vitro development of embryos, is affected by the macromolecule content in culture media for the success of oocyte maturation competence, in which the cytoplasmic and nuclear reprogramming events occur. The insulin-like growth factor family (IGFs) promotes the maturation of bovine oocytes and the expansion of cumulus cells and also inhibits apoptosis. This study was, therefore, designed to examine the effects of macromolecules (bovine serum albumin, BSA; fetal calf serum, FCS; and polyvinyl alcohol, PVA) on in vitro nuclear maturation, total cellular protein, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme activity, and the gene expression level of IGF1, IGF2, and their receptor in bovine oocytes. Oocytes obtained from bovine ovaries were cultured in bicarbonate-buffered medium 199 supplemented with 4 mg/mL BSA, 10% FCS, 1 mg/mL PVA, and without macromolecule supplement (control) during 22 h in the air with a humidified atmosphere and 5% CO2 at 38.5 degrees C temperature. Supplementation of BSA and FCS increased (chi(2) = 9.84; p < 0.05) the percentages of oocytes that reached metaphase II compared to the control and PVA. The amount of protein per ml of cell extracts of oocytes matured in FCS supplemented culture media was higher (p < 0.05) than the oocytes in the PVA and control. The levels of GPx enzyme activity in cell extracts isolated from oocytes in each experimental group did not change over time, but the GPx enzyme activity in oocytes matured in PVA-supplemented culture media was lower (p < 0.05) than in oocytes in the other experimental groups. Transcript for the IGF1 gene was not detected in all experimental groups, but the supplementation of BSA and FCS significantly elevated the transcript level of the IGF2 gene. In addition, the maturation of oocytes with BSA-supplemented media increased the transcript level of the IGF1R gene, whereas the transcript level of the IGF2R gene was similar among macromolecule supplementation groups. The current study concluded that BSA and FCS could improve in vitro bovine oocyte development due to supporting nuclear maturation and increasing the total cellular protein content, GPx enzyme, and transcript activity

Effects of hardwood cuttings in different length and diameter on the growth performance of 'bursa siyahı' fig nursery trees

Bu çalısma, Bursa Siyahı incir çesidinde fidan üretiminde, farklı boy ve çapta çelik materyali kullanımının, fidan gelisim performansı ve kalitesi üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüstür. Tepe gözlü olarak alınan odun çelikleri; öncelikle 12-13 cm, 17-18 cm ve 21-23 cm uzunlugunda olacak sekilde üç boy grubuna ayrılmıstır. Her boy grubu ise, kendi arasında 8-11 mm ve 11-14 mm çapında olmak üzere iki sınıfa ayrılmıstır. Fidanların yetistirilmesi amacıyla, ortam olarak 1:1 torf perlit karısımının yer aldıgı “yatak kültürü” sistemi kullanılmıstır. Vejetasyon dönemi sonunda fidanlarda yapılan ölçümler sonucu; sürgün uzunlugu (175.467 cm), sürgün çapı (17.203 mm), bogumarası uzunluk (5.020 cm), kök uzunlugu (59.233 cm) ve kök sayısı (11.757 adet) kriterleri açısından en yüksek degerlerin 8-11 mm çap ve 12-13 cm boya sahip çeliklerden elde edildigi saptanmıstır.This study was conducted to determine the effects of using different length and diameter of hardwood cuttings on the developmental performance and quality of nursery tree production in 'Bursa Siyahı' fig cultivar. Cuttings containing an apical bud were separated in three different length categories: 12-13 cm, 17-18 cm, and 21-23 cm in length. Each length category was divided to two different diameter classes: 8-11 mm and 11-14 mm in diameter. “Trough culture” system was used mixture of peat and perlite (1:1) as growing medium. At the measurements conducted at the end of the vegetation period, the highest values of shoot length (175.467 cm), shoot diameter (17.203 mm), internodium length (5.020 cm), root length (59.233 cm), and root number (11.757) were obtained from the cuttings of 12-13cmin length and 8-11mmin diameter

Placental Characteristics Classification of Various Native Turkish Sheep Breeds

Simple Summary The aim of this study was to classify placental characteristics of Akkaraman, Morkaraman, Karayaka, Awassi, Malya, and Bafra native sheep breeds using the hierarchical clustering method. As a result, six breeds were separated into three clusters: the first cluster consisted of Bafra, Karayaka, and Awassi breeds; the second consisted of Akkaraman and Malya breeds; and the third cluster included only the Morkaraman breed. The aim of this study was to classify placental characteristics of Akkaraman, Morkaraman, Karayaka, Awassi, Malya, and Bafra sheep breeds using the hierarchical clustering method. In total, 240 individual data records were used as experimental material. Placental characteristics such as total cotyledon surface area, small and large cotyledon length, small cotyledon depth, etc. were used as explanatory variables to classify the breeds' characteristics. Hierarchical clustering was used with the nearest neighbour method with Euclidean distance in order to classify the sheep breeds' variations. As a result, six breeds were separated into three clusters: the first cluster consisted of Bafra, Karayaka, and Awassi breeds; the second consisted of Akkaraman and Malya breeds; and the third cluster included only the Morkaraman breed. Bafra and Karayaka were pointed as the nearest breeds, with a similarity of 98.7% in terms of placental characteristics. The similarity rate of the Akkaraman and Malya breeds was at a level of 97.5%, whereas it was 96.8% for Bafra, Karayaka, and Awassi breeds. The similarity of Akkaraman, Karayaka, Awassi, Malya, and Bafra sheep breeds was estimated as 95.7%. The overall similarity was found to be at a level of 93.2% among sheep breeds. The outcomes of the study might be useful as a selection tool for reproductivity and can be used to select the breed to be reared

Determination of the propagation capabilities in regards to different propagation techniques and the seedling performances of some landscape shrubs and trees

Doğal olarak yetişen Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa, Laurus nobilis L., Erica manipuliflora Salisb. ve Spartium juneeum L. türlerinin tohum ve çelikle üretim olanaklarının araştırıldığı bu çalışmada, tohumlara kontrol dahil 11 farklı ön uygulama, çeliklere ise 6 farklı uygulama yapılmıştır. Araştırmada tohumla ve çelikle üretilen bitkilerde gelişme performansları izlenmiştir. Ayrıca, çeliklerde adventif kök oluşumu anatomik ve histolojik olarak incelenmiştir. Tohumla üretim denemelerinde, en yüksek çimlenme oranları J. oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa, L. nobilis L. ve S. juneeum L. tohumlarına +1 °C'de 4 hafta soğukta katlama yapılan uygulamadan elde edilirken, E. manipuliflora Salisb.' de ise en yüksek çimlenme oranı 50 ppm etilen uygulamasında belirlenmiştir. Uygulamalara bağlı olarak J. oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa çeliklerinde en yüksek % 2, L. nobilis L.' de % 27.5, E. manipuliflora Salisb.'de % 15.50 oranında köklenme elde edilmiş, S. juneeum L. çeliklerinde ise köklenme olmamıştır. Uygulama ortalamalarına göre, tohumdan üretilen bitkilerde belirlenen hayatta kalma oranlarına ilişkin en yüksek değerler türlere bağlı olarak % 55.92 ila %100 arasmda değişirken çelikle üretilen bitkilerde bu oran % 34.48 ila % 100 arasında değişmiştir. Genel olarak, Juniperus ve Laurus türlerinde bitki gelişimlerinin yavaş ve zayıf; Spartium' da ise kuvvetli olduğu saptanmıştır. Türler bazında uygulamalara bağlı olarak gelişme farklılıklarının önemli olmadığı belirlenmiştir. J. oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa ve L. nobilis L/ de kök primordiası gelişiminin ve kök çıkışının floem dokusu içinden orijinlendiği saptanmıştır. Erica manipuliflora Salisb.' de ise kök primordiası gelişimine ilişkin bir hücresel gelişmeye rastlanmamıştır. In this study, the propagation possibilities with seeds and cuttings of native Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa, Laurus nobilis L., Erica manipuliflora Salisb., and Spartium junceum L. species were investigated. The seeds were pre- treated with 11 different applications including control And the cuttings were subjected to six different applications. The development performances of plants propagated from seeds and cuttings were observed. In addition, the adventitious root formation in cuttings was investigated anatomically and histologically. In the propagation experiments using seeds, while the highest germination ratios were obtained from the cold stratification pre-treatment at +1°C for 4 weeks in J. oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa, L. nobilis L., and S. junceum L.; the highest of that was noted from 50 ppm ethylene pretreatment in E. manipuliflora Salisb. Depending on the treatments, the highest ratio of rooting was 2 % for Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa, 27. 5 % for Laurus nobilis L., and 15.50 % for Erica manipuliflora Salisb.. No rooting was observed at the Spartium junceum L. cuttings. According to the treatment average, the highest survival ratios ranged from 55.92 % to 100 % for the plants propagated from seeds and from 34.48 % to 100 % for tiie plants propagated from cuttings. In general, the plant development was slow and poor in Juniperus and Laurus sp.; and sufficient in Spartium sp. The development differences were not statistically significant in the treatments for these species. In Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa and Laurus nobilis L., the root primordia development and root emergence were originated from the floem tissue. The cellular differentiation related to the root primordia development was not observed in Erica manipuliflora Salisb

A research on anatomical and histological investigations on adventitious root formation in juniperus oxycedrus subps macrocarpa cuttings

Uniperus oxycedrus macrocarpa subsp. çelikleri üzerinde yürütülen araştırmada çeliklerde adventif kök oluşumunun izlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada, köklenmenin seyrini incelemek amacı ile perlit ortamına dikilen çeliklerden 4., 8.,12. ve 16. haftalarda alınan örnekler üzerinde incelemeler yapılmıştır. Sonbahar döneminde dikilen çeliklerde adventif kök oluşumuna ilişkin herhangi bir hücre farklılaşması ve kök primordiası oluşumu görülmezken çelik tabanında yoğun bir kallus dokusu gelişimi olduğu saptanmıştır. ılkbahar döneminde ise bilezik alma uygulaması yapılan çeliklerde dikimden itibaren 4. haftada ve 16. haftada alınan örneklerde, kök primordiyumu gelişimi olduğu görülmüştür. Adventif kök hücrelerinin ilk çıkışının kambiyumun hemen dış tarafından ve floem dokusu içinden yoğun bir hücre farklılaşması şeklinde geliştiği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca sklerankimatik halkların bu türe özgü olarak oldukça fazla sayıda olduğu belirlenmiştir.In this research, the investigation of adventive root formation of Junýperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa cuttings was aimed. The samples taken from the cuttings planted in perlit during 4., 8., 12., and 16. week to observe the rooting progress. While any cell differentiation and root primordium formation was not seen for adventitious root formation in the cuttings planted in autumn period, a dense callus formation was observed at the base of cuttings. In the spring, the root primordium development was noted in those 4 and 16 week samples that were exposed to girdling treatment. The first emergence of adventitious root cells was determined from outer section of the cambium and from inside of the floem tissue as a dense cell differentiation. Furthermore, numerous scleranchimatic whorls were reported specific to this species

Effect of Follicle Size and Follicle Stimulating Hormone Concentration on Nuclear Maturation of Bovine Oocytes In Vitro

Bu çalışma folikül büyüklüğü ve folikül uyarıcı hormon (FSH) konsantrasyonunun sığır oositlerinin in vitro nükleer olgunlaşması üzerine etkisini araştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Sığır ovaryumundaki (87 adet) foliküller küçük (<3 mm, 128 adet), orta (3–8 mm, 168 adet) ve büyük (9–12 mm, 148 adet) olmak üzere 3 sınıfa ayrılmıştır. Farklı büyüklüklerdeki foliküllerden aspire edilen oositler, %10 FCS ve farklı konsantrasyonlarda FSH (0,5; 1,0 ve 10,0 ?g/ml) içeren doku kültür medyumunda (TCM–199) 22 saat süreyle 38,5°C’de, %5 CO2 ve yaklaşık %95 oranında nem içeren ortamda in vitro olgunlaştırılmaya alınmışlardır. Kültür işlemi sonunda oositlerin nükleer olgunlaşmaları (MII; Metafaz II safhasına ulaşanlar) bisbenzimide (Hoechst 33258) DNA boyası ile floresan mikroskop altında belirlenmiştir. Mevcut çalışmada folikül çapının sığır oositlerinin in vitro nükleer olgunlaşması üzerine etkisinin küçük foliküllerden elde edilen oositlerde MII safhasına ulaşmış oositlerin oranı, orta ve büyük foliküllerden elde edilenlerinkinden önemli oranda daha düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İn vitro olgunlaştırma medyumuna 10,0 ?g/ml FSH eklenmesinin oositlerin nükleer olgunlaşmadaki başarı oranını 0,5 ve 1,0 ?g/ml’ye göre arttırdığı saptanmıştır. Ayrıca yüksek FSH konsantrasyonunun nükleer olgunlaşmadaki iyileştirici etkisi, küçük foliküllerden elde edilen oositlerde daha fazla gözlemlenmiştir. Mevcut çalışmanın sonuçları 3–8 mm çapındaki foliküllerden elde edilen oositlerin daha başarılı bir olgunlaşma sergiledikleri, buna karşın küçük foliküllerden elde edilen oositlerin yüksek FSH konsantrasyonunda oransal olarak daha yüksek olgunlaşma başarısı sergileri saptanmıştır.The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of follicle size and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration on nuclear maturation of bovine oocytes in vitro. Follicles on bovine ovary were classified into 3 groups according to the diameter; small (<3 mm), medium (3–8 mm) and large (9–12 mm). Oocytes were aspirated from follicles with different size and matured in tissue culture medium (TCM–199) supplemented with 10% FCS and various concentrations of FSH (0.5, 1.0 or 10 and µg/ml) for 22 hours filled with approximately 95% humidified and 5% CO2 in air at 38.5 ºC. At the end of culture period, nuclear maturation (at metaphase II; MII) of oocytes were determined by Bisbenzimide (Hoechst 33258) DNA staining under fluorescent microscope. In the present study, effect of follicle size on nuclear maturation of bovine oocytes were determined and the percentage of oocytes reached to M II stage was significantly lower in oocytes obtained small follicle than those of medium and large follicles. Supplementation of 10.0 µg/ml FSH into maturation media increased percentage of nuclear maturation compare to 0.5 and 1.0 µg/ml. Additionally, improving effect of high FSH concentration on nuclear maturation were more observed in oocytes obtained small follicles. The results of present study showed that oocytes from follicles with 3–8 mm diameters exhibited a more successful maturation, but oocytes obtained small follicles exhibited more maturation as a ratio under high FSH concentration