Evaluation of scrap tires and waste mineral oils as hydrocarbon source

Bu çalışmanın ana amacı iki adımlı proses (piroliz ve hidrojenleme) ile kullanılmış lastiklerin (otomobil ve otobüs lastiği) ve atık mineral yağların sıvı yakıtlara dönüştürülmesidir. İlk adımda (piroliz) kullanılmış lastikler ve kullanılmış lastik-atık mineral yağı karışımı 550, 650 ve 800ºCʼde pirolizlenmiş ve elde edilen sıvı ürünlerin (piroliz yağlarının) fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri saptanmıştır. Kullanılmış otomobil lastiği pirolizinden elde edilen piroliz yağının diğer atıklardan elde edilen piroliz yağlarından daha fazla aromatik hidrokarbon içerdiği saptanmıştır. Piroliz yağları özellikleri geliştirilerek yakıt olarak kullanılabilir. İkinci adımda (hidrojenleme), piroliz yağları yakıt karakteristikleri geliştirilmek için farklı sıcaklıklarda ve basınçlarda hidrojenlenmiştir. Bu işlemde kullanılmış lastik pirolizinden elde edilen karbon siyahlarından hazırlanan metal çifti bindirilmiş aktif karbon katalizörler (Co-Ni/Ac, Co-Mo/Ac ve Ni-Mo/Ac) ve ticari bir katalizör (DHC-8) kullanılmıştır. Test edilen katalizörler içersinden, Ni-Mo/Ac katalizörü ve ticari katalizör piroliz yağlarındaki olefinlerin doyurulmasında ve kükürt içeriğinin azaltılmasında çok etkili olmuşlardır. Piroliz yağlarının hidrojenlenmesinde Ni-Mo/Ac katalizörü aromatik hidrokarbon oluşumunu arttırmıştır. Hidrojenleme işleminden sonra, piroliz sıvıları yakıt olarak yada petrokimya endüstrisinde aromatik hidrokarbonların üretiminde nafta beslemesi olarak kullanılabilir

Co-processing of olive bagasse with crude rapeseed oil via pyrolysis

The co-pyrolysis of olive bagasse with crude rapeseed oil at different blend ratios was investigated at 500oC in a fixed bed reactor. The effect of olive bagasse to crude rapeseed oil ratio on the product distributions and properties of the pyrolysis products were comparatively investigated. The addition of crude rapeseed oil into olive bagasse in the co-pyrolysis led to formation of upgraded biofuels in terms of liquid yields and properties. While the pyrolysis of olive bagasse produced a liquid yield of 52.5 wt %, the highest liquid yield of 73.5 wt % was obtained from the co-pyrolysis of olive bagasse with crude rapeseed oil at a blend ratio of 1:4. The bio-oil derived from olive bagasse contained 5% naphtha, 10% heavy naphtha, 30% gas oil, and 55% heavy gas oil. In the case of bio-oil obtained from the co-pyrolysis of olive bagasse with crude rapeseed oil at a blend ratio of 1:4, the light naphtha, heavy naphtha, and light gas oil content increased. This is an indication of the improved characteristics of the bio-oil obtained from the co-processing. The heating value of bio-oil from the pyrolysis of olive bagasse alone was 34.6 MJ kg(-1) and the heating values of bio-oils obtained from the co-pyrolysis of olive bagasse with crude rapeseed oil ranged from 37.6 to 41.6 MJ kg(-1). It was demonstrated that the co-processing of waste biomass with crude plant oil is a good alternative to improve bio-oil yields and properties

The slow pyrolysis of pomegranate seeds: The effect of temperature on the product yields and bio-oil properties

The slow pyrolysis of pomegranate seeds was carried out at 400, 500, 600 and 800 degrees C. The effect of temperature on the product distribution was discussed. The maximum liquid yields were obtained at the temperatures of 500 and 600 degrees C. The gaseous products from the pyrolysis of pomegranate seeds contained CO2, CO, CH4 as well as hydrocarbons from C-2 to C-7 and H2S. The major gas product was CO2. Identification of bio-oil components was done by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Phenols and alkyl-benzenes were prominent in bio-oils obtained at all tested temperatures. The boiling point distributions of hydrocarbons in bio-oils at 400, 500, 600 and 800 degrees C were found to be similar. The total non-aromatic hydrocarbons were higher than that of aromatic hydrocarbons in water fractions for all pyrolysis temperatures. Bio-chars produced from pomegranate seeds are carbon rich fuels with high bulk densities and calorific values. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Co-pyrolysis of pine nut shells with scrap tires

The co-pyrolysis of pine nut shells (PNS) with scrap tires (ST) at different blend ratios was carried out at 500 degrees C. The addition of ST into PNS in the co-pyrolysis process not only increased bio-oil yields but also improved bio-oil characteristics when compared with the pyrolysis of PNS. The carbon content in bio-oils from all PNS/ST blend ratios was higher and oxygen content was lower than that of PNS-derived oil. This is an indication of the improved characteristics of bio-oils from the co-pyrolysis of biomass with scrap tires. The blend ratio in the feedstock of co-pyrolysis had a significant effect on the product distributions and physico-chemical properties of bio-oils. When heating values of bio-oils produced from the pyrolysis of PNS were compared with bio-oils obtained from the co-pyrolysis of PNS with ST, the addition of ST into PNS led to increase heating values of bio-oils with the exception of PNS/ST (4:1)-derived bio-oil. In addition, the heating values of gas products and levels of hydrogen and hydrocarbons (from C-1 to C-4) in the gas products from the co-pyrolysis of PNS/ST blends were higher than that of the pyrolysis of PNS. The heating values of chars produced from the co-pyrolysis of PNS/ST blends were found to be in the range of 31.1 and 32.9 MJ kg (1). (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Characterization of products from the pyrolysis of rapeseed oil cake

The main aim of this study was to investigate the composition of products from the pyrolysis of rapeseed oil cake in a fixed bed reactor at 400, 450, 500, 700 and 900 degrees C. The gas products mainly consisted of CO2, CO, CH4 and H2S at 500 degrees C. Empirical formula of bio-oil from the pyrolysis of rapeseed oil cake was CH1.59O0.16N0.116S0.003 for 500 degrees C. Bio-oils mainly contained oleic acid, 1H-indole, 2,3,5-trimethoxy toluene, toluene, (Z)-9-octadecanamide, psoralene, phenol and phenol derivatives at all pyrolysis temperatures. Both non-aromatic and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds were determined in water phase of liquid product by Headspace-GC analysis. The heating values of bio-chars were found to be similar (24 MJ kg(-1)) at all pyrolysis temperatures. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from waste biomass

Lignocellulosic materials are good and cheap precursors for the production of activated carbon. In this study, activated carbons were prepared from the pyrolysis of soybean oil cake at 600 and 800 C by chemical activation with K2CO3 and KOH. The influence of temperature and type of chemical reagents on the porosity development was investigated and discussed. K2CO3 was found more effective than KOH as a chemical reagent under identical conditions in terms of both porosity development and yields of the activated carbons. The maximum surface area (1352.86 ml g(-1)) was obtained at 800 degrees C with K2CO3 activation which lies in the range of commercial activated carbons. Elemental analyses of the activated carbons indicate insignificant sulphur content for all activated carbons. The ash and sulphur contents of the activated carbons obtained with chemical activation by K2CO3 were lower than those by chemical activation with KOH. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Co-pyrolysis of waste polyolefins with waste motor oil

The co-pyrolysis of waste polyolefins [waste polyethylene (PE) and waste polypropylene (PP)] with waste motor oil (WMO) was performed at different ratios under a nitrogen atmosphere at 500 degrees C. The effects of WMO on the pyrolysis of waste polyolefins and their blends were investigated under identical conditions. The addition of WMO into waste polyolefins not only increased the liquid yields but also improved the properties of liquid products. In the most cases, the co-pyrolysis process had a positive synergistic effect on the liquid yields when compared with the calculated co-pyrolysis yields. The naphtha and paraffinic contents of the liquid products obtained from the co-pyrolysis of PE/WMO, PE/PP/WMO blends were higher than liquid products obtained from the pyrolysis of the individual waste polyolefins. The trace elements as well as heavy metals in the liquid products from the pyrolysis of WMO alone or the co-pyrolysis of waste polyolefins with WMO were observed to be lower than the WMO feed. The prominent gas products obtained from the pyrolysis of individual waste polyolefins and WMO or the co-pyrolysis of waste polyolefins/WMO blends were hydrocarbons and hydrogen. The heating values of the pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis gases were found to be in the range of 27.6-32.4 MJ Nm(-3). (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Lewis acid catalyzed diesel-like fuel production from raw corn oil

The pyrolysis of raw corn oil in he absence and presence of Lewis acids was carried out at 500 degrees C. The catalytic effect of AlCl3 was better than that of FeCl3. The physico-chemical properties of diesel-like fuels produced by Lewis acid catalyzed are close to that of commercial diesel fuel. The diesel-like fuels obtained from catalytic runs can be evaluated as diesel fuels. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd