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Interactions between stocked trout and larval salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum) in high-elevation lakes
The long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum)
is the top vertebrate predator in fishless high-elevation
lakes in North Cascades National Park Service Complex
(NOCA), Washington. The purpose of this research was to
determine the effects of physico-chemical factors and
introduced trout on abundance and behavior of A.
macrodactylum larvae. Although high-elevation lakes in
NOCA were naturally fishless, trout were stocked in many
lakes during this century to provide recreational angling
opportunity.
Twenty fishless lakes and 25 lakes with fish were
sampled from 1990 to 1994. Larval salamander density and
behavior were assessed by snorkeling lake perimeters and
searching through nearshore substrate material and
aquatic vegetation. In fishless lakes, larval salamander
densities were positively related to total Kjeldahl-N
concentration (TKN) and negatively related to lake
elevation. Based on analysis of salamander stomach
contents, crustacean zooplankton, especially cladocerans,
were important food resources for larval A.
macrodactylum. Total crustacean zooplankton, as well as
cladoceran densities, were positively related to TKN
concentration, suggesting that increased zooplankton food
resources contributed to increased densities of A.
macrodactylum.
The effects of fish introductions on larval
salamander densities depended on TKN concentration and
whether or not trout had established reproducing
populations. Mean larval salamander densities for
fishless lakes with TKN<0.05 mg/l, generated from a
linear regression equation with TKN and lake elevation as
independent variables, were not significantly different
from mean larval densities in lakes with either
reproducing trout or in lakes with non-reproducing trout.
However, in fishless lakes with TKN≥0.05 mg/l, mean
larval densities were significantly higher than in lakes
with reproducing fish where trout reached high densities.
In fishless lakes with TKN≥0.095 mg/l, mean larval
densities were significantly higher than in lakes with
non-reproducing fish where trout fry were periodically
stocked at low densities. Reduced larval salamander
densities in lakes with trout likely was a consequence of
trout predation. Although most larvae were associated
with boulder, cobble, and woody debris substrates in
nearshore areas of NOCA lakes, differences in the proportion of larvae hidden in benthic substrates between
lakes with fish and without fish were not statistically
significant
Ex. 279-US-403
A 2006 annual report on the spawning migration movements of Klamath largescale, Lost River, and shortnose suckers in the Williamson and Sprague rivers, Oregon, prior to the removal of Chiloquin Da
Ex. 277-US-415
The 2004 annual report on riverine movements of adult Lost River, shortnose, and Klamath largescale suckers in the Williamson and Sprague rivers, Orego
Ex. 279-US-403
A 2006 annual report on the spawning migration movements of Klamath largescale, Lost River, and shortnose suckers in the Williamson and Sprague rivers, Oregon, prior to the removal of Chiloquin Da
Ex. 277-US-414
The 2006 annual report on the spawning migration movements of Klamath largescale, Lost River, and shortnose suckers in the Williamson and Sprague rivers, Oregon, prior to the removal of Chiloquin Dam
Ex. 277-US-415
The 2004 annual report on riverine movements of adult Lost River, shortnose, and Klamath largescale suckers in the Williamson and Sprague rivers, Orego
Ex. 277-US-414
The 2006 annual report on the spawning migration movements of Klamath largescale, Lost River, and shortnose suckers in the Williamson and Sprague rivers, Oregon, prior to the removal of Chiloquin Dam
レキシテキ ニンゲンガク カラ ミタ ニホン ノ シンタイ ブンカ : ベルリン ジユウ ダイガク デノ コクサイ ワーク ショップ ニホン ノ シンタイ ブンカ カタ ト ソノ ブンカ オウダンテキ デンタツ ホウコク ロンブン 1
Am 22. September 2008 führten Hirota und Ishida die internationale Werkstatt
"Japanische Kultur -durch 'KATA'(Form/Muster) erleben" in der Freien Universität
Berlin durch. An diesem Tag gab es ungefähr 20 Teilnehmer: Professor Ch. Wulf und die
'Historische Anthropologie' Studenten/innen,die einige Übungen erfuhren. In unserer
Werkstatt haben sie erst unter Leitung von Ishida die Schwertkunst,Stockkunst und
Aikido erfahren. Dann hat Hirota ihnen einigen Bewegungsübung als japanische
kulturelle Essenz angeboten. Dieser Artikel besteht aus einem Bericht dieser
Werkstatt und dem Nachdenken von KATA,sonst (1) ist der Teil von Ishida
31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two
Background
The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd.
Methods
We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background.
Results
First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001).
Conclusions
In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival