Concern of photosensitive seizures evoked by 3D video displays or virtual reality headsets in children: Current perspective

This review assesses the risk of a photic-induced seizure in a child during viewing of 3D (binocular 3 dimensional, stereoscopic) movies or games, either on standard video displays or when wearing a virtual reality (VR) headset. Studies published by pediatric epilepsy experts emphasize the low risk of 3D viewing even for children with known photosensitive epilepsy (PSE). The low incidence of PSE is noteworthy because the number of hours devoted to 2D or 3D screen viewing and/or VR headset use by children worldwide has increased markedly over the last decade. The medical literature does not support the notion that VR headset use poses a risk for PSE

Human deprivation amblyopia: treatment insights from animal models

Amblyopia is a common visual impairment that develops during the early years of postnatal life. It emerges as a sequela to eye misalignment, an imbalanced refractive state, or obstruction to form vision. All of these conditions prevent normal vision and derail the typical development of neural connections within the visual system. Among the subtypes of amblyopia, the most debilitating and recalcitrant to treatment is deprivation amblyopia. Nevertheless, human studies focused on advancing the standard of care for amblyopia have largely avoided recruitment of patients with this rare but severe impairment subtype. In this review, we delineate characteristics of deprivation amblyopia and underscore the critical need for new and more effective therapy. Animal models offer a unique opportunity to address this unmet need by enabling the development of unconventional and potent amblyopia therapies that cannot be pioneered in humans. Insights derived from studies using animal models are discussed as potential therapeutic innovations for the remediation of deprivation amblyopia. Retinal inactivation is highlighted as an emerging therapy that exhibits efficacy against the effects of monocular deprivation at ages when conventional therapy is ineffective, and recovery occurs without apparent detriment to the treated eye

CAUSING AND CURING INFANTILE ESOTROPIA IN PRIMATES: THE ROLE OF DECORRELATED BINOCULAR INPUT (AN AMERICAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY THESIS)

Purpose: Human infants at greatest risk for esotropia are those who suffer cerebral insults that could decorrelate signals from the 2 eyes during an early critical period of binocular, visuomotor development. The author reared normal infant monkeys, under conditions of binocular decorrelation, to determine if this alone was sufficient to cause esotropia and associated behavioral as well as neuroanatomic deficits

The Neural Mechanism for Latent Nystagmus

To elucidate the neural mechanism for unstable gaze holding in the form of latent fixation nystagmus. Latent nystagmus (LN) is the most common subtype of pathologic nystagmus observed in human and non-human primates. It is linked strongly to binocular maldevelopment in infancy, either from strabismus or deprivation of monocular spatial vision

The Impact of Gaze Deficits in Children with Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a permanent, nonprogressive disorder of movement and posture due to a lesion of the fetal or infant brain. The goal was to determine whether children with different severities of CP, as defined using the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), had different degrees or types of visual dysfunction.SKcerebralpals

Horizontal and Vertical Optokinetic Eye Movements in Macaque Monkeys With Infantile Strabismus: Directional Bias and Crosstalk

Citation: Ghasia F, Tychsen L. Horizontal and vertical optokinetic eye movements in macaque monkeys with infantile strabismus: directional bias and crosstalk. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:265-274