On the Structure of ZnI2{\rm ZnI_2}

A new structure for ${\rm ZnI_2}$ is proposed which it exists in tetragonal state. In this structure the ${\rm ZnI_2}$ molecule exists in a nonlinear array and forms the basis of the tetragonal unit cell with one basis per unit cell. The structural analysis based on the reflections listed in ASTM 30-1479 shows that the proposed structure is correct.Comment: six pages and four figures. Manuscript prepared in RevTe

Monitoring shoreline changes along Andhra coast of India using remote sensing and geographic information system

218-224A shoreline is dynamic in nature which makes the interface of land and water that offers socio-economic and cultural protection to its adjacent population. The purpose of this study was to understand long-term (1973-2015 and 2015-2057) shoreline transformation as well as the patterns of soil loss/sedimentation owing to physical and anthropogenic activities along the Andhra coast. Satellite imageries of LANDSAT from 1973 to 2015 were utilized to delineate the shoreline. Shoreline fluctuations were analyzed by Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) and End Point Rate (EPR) statistics using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) computer software of USGS. The highest and lowest EPR of about 67.63 m/y and -43.14 m/y were recorded in the Andhra coast. The high rate of deposition was recorded in the Godavari delta, whereas Krishna delta experienced low erosion. This study establishes the use of remote sensing data and statistical techniques such as EPR and NSM for shoreline monitoring are helpful for soil loss/accretion evaluation and future shoreline prediction

Sodium chloride resistant cell line from haploid Datura innoxia mill. A resistance trait carried from cell to plantlet and vice versa in Vitro

A cell line resistant to sodium chloride was selected from callus cultures of haploid Datura innoxia by cloning under selective pressure. Cells of the resistant cell line retained their resistance even after subculture in absence of NaCl. Plantlets could be regenerated from resistant cells in the presence as well as absence of NaCl. In contrast, regeneration of plantlets was not possible from normal cells in the presence of NaCl, although regeneration readily occurred in the absence of NaCl. To examine the stability of the resistance in the long-term, callus cultures were initiated in presence of NaCl from stem expiants of the differentiated plantlets. All expiants of plantlets derived from resistant cells showed callus formation. This callus, derived from resistant explants, retained the trait of resistance upon subculture

The Onset of Stationary and Oscillatory Convection in a Horizontal Porous Layer Saturated with Viscoelastic Liquid Heated and Soluted From Below: Effect of Anisotropy

The onset of double diffusive stationary and oscillatory convection in a viscoelastic Oldroyd type fluid saturated in an anisotropic porous layer heated and soluted from below is studied. The flow is governed by the extended Darcy model for Oldroyd fluid. Stability analysis based on the method of perturbations of infinitesimal amplitude is performed using the normal mode technique. The analysis examines the effect of the Darcy Rayleigh number, the solutal Darcy the Rayleigh number, the relaxation time, the retardation time and the Lewis number. Important conclusions include the destabilizing effect of the relaxation time, the Darcy Rayleigh number and the Lewis number and the stabilizing effect of the solutal Darcy Rayleigh number, the retardation time and anisotropy parameter. Some of the results are generalization of the previous findings for isotropic porous medium

STUDIES ON HIBISCUS CANNABINUS, HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA, AND CANNABINUS SATIVA PULP TO BE A SUBSTITUTE FOR SOFTWOOD PULP- PART 2: SAS-AQ AND NSSC-AQ DELIGNIFICATION PROCESSES

Hibiscus cannabinus, Cannabis sativa, and Hibiscus sabdariffa, fast growing productive annual plants, could provide fiber necessary to partially alleviate the world’s fiber deficit. The present study aimed at producing high yield pulp and the best mechanical strength properties with minimum impact on environment by SAS-AQ, and NSSC-AQ pulping processes. A total alkali of 13% (as Na2O), an alkali ratio of 0.80, and a Na2SO3 charge 11.70% (as Na2O) were found optimum to reduce maximum kappa number. A lower kappa number and good strength properties were achieved by increasing total alkali and Na2SO3 charge. SAS-AQ pulps showed good response towards CEHH bleaching. The NSSC-AQ pulping was conducted at a total alkali charge of 8% (as Na2O) by varying the ratio of sulphite-to-carbonate (100:0-0:100), and cooking time (60-120 min) at 1600C. A ratio of sulphite-to-carbonate 60:40 was suitable for corrugating medium (cooking time 60 min), while a ratio of sulphite-to-carbonate 70:30 showed better strength properties (longer cooking time)

Sharing the Risks of Bankruptcy: \u3ci\u3eTimbers\u3c/i\u3e, \u3ci\u3eAhlers\u3c/i\u3e, and Beyond

Bankruptcy policy appears to be in disarray. Recent decisions by the United States Supreme Court have only served to reinforce the uncertainties that mar the bankruptcy process. In United Savings Association of Texas v. Timbers of Inwood Forest Associates, Ltd., the Court held that an undersecured creditor was not entitled to interest on its collateral as compensation for the opportunity costs of delay caused by the bankruptcy process. Timbers thus supports the argument that secured creditors should be forced to share the burdens of bankruptcy with other claimants. Conversely, in Norwest Bank Worthington v. Ahlers, the Court held that the proposed contribution of future labor on the family farm could not trump the absolute priority rule that bars a debtor\u27s retention of an equity interest over the objections of senior creditors. Thus, Ahlers rejects the claim that secured creditors should be forced to share the burdens of bankruptcy through a liberalized contribution rule. Can these decisions be reconciled? And what light do they shed on the future of bankruptcy sharing? There are a number of ways to rationalize the results in Timbers and Ahlers through careful statutory and doctrinal analyses. The fact that this article does not address them does not belittle the value of careful allegiance to the Bankruptcy Code and prior case law in seeking to predict the future of bankruptcy law. Nevertheless, few would doubt that the Court could have written carefully reasoned opinions justifying the opposite result in each case. Thus, it seems probable that unacknowledged and unexpressed policy considerations may have influenced the Court. This article examines precisely what those policy goals are and what they imply for the future of federal bankruptcy. Part I of the article analyzes the traditional objectives of the bankruptcy process in terms of the techniques of contemporary legal analysis. This exercise is principally one of translation, the time-honored task of pouring old wine into new bottles. By attempting to recharacterize old truths in contemporary terms, I mean to clarify what those truths really mean. Thereafter, Part II sketches a theory that rationalizes the apparently conflicting objectives of bankruptcy law. The theory suggests that the Court\u27s decisions in Timbers and Ahlers are, in fact, entirely consistent and complementary. This approach thus provides a convenient benchmark for assessing how the burdens of bankruptcy ought best to be shared between various claimants of different classes

High frequency production of embryos in Datura innoxia from isolated pollen grains by combined cold treatment and serial culture of anthers in liquid medium

This study concerns the development of pollen embryos as affected by various physical conditions of culture in media devoid of hormones. Freshly isolated pollen, from anthers of Datura, failed to form embryos regardless of whether they were cultured on liquid or solid medium. In contrast, pollen isolated from anthers precultured on solid medium did form embryos and the response could be increased by prior cold treatment of anthers at 4 °C for 4 days. However, the best results were obtained when anthers were cultured from the very beginning in liquid medium and transferred serially to fresh medium. Under such conditions, the anthers dehisced, allowing spontaneous shedding of pollen grains. It was thus possible to have several fractions of shed pollen continuing their development into embryos. When serial culture was started with anthers from cold-treated buds not only were embryos formed in all the fractions of shed pollen but the frequency was also considerably higher than in any mode of culturing