Climate suitability for <i>Parthenium hysterophorus</i> establishment modelled using CLIMEX with the CliMond CM10_1975H_WO_V1.1 climate dataset [9], including the effect of irrigation [41].

<p>(A) Global and (B) Europe and North Africa.</p

Known global distribution of <i>Parthenium hysterophorus</i>.

<p>Red circles represent distribution points where <i>P</i>. <i>hysterophorus</i> is known to be established, blue triangles indicate outliers in apparently excessively cold locations, yellow triangles excessively dry locations, green triangles excessively wet locations. Pink areas represent national or sub-national administrative units where the species has been recorded established, blue areas indicate countries where the species has been reported as transient populations.</p

Endangered area considering climate (EI ≥ 1) and suitable habitat types in the CORINE database (http://www.eea.europa.eu/).

<p>Endangered area considering climate (EI ≥ 1) and suitable habitat types in the CORINE database (<a href="http://www.eea.europa.eu/" target="_blank">http://www.eea.europa.eu/</a>).</p

Areal summary of composite invasion risk to Europe from <i>Parthenium hysterophorus</i> by habitat class according to the CORINE environmental database, considering climate with irrigation scenarios applied according to the GMIAV5 database [41].

<p>^† The cells where the Ecoclimatic Index is positive, indicating potential for persistent populations to establish.</p><p>^{<b><i>‡</i></b>} Compared with the baseline area at risk under historical climate.</p><p>Habitat classes are listed in descending order of area at risk under the current climate scenario. Land use is assumed to remain static under the future climate scenario.</p

Summary of modelled pest risk change classes under the 2080 climate scenario.

<p>Summary of modelled pest risk change classes under the 2080 climate scenario.</p

A real summary of composite global invasion risk from <i>Parthenium hysterophorus</i> by land use system class according to the FAO Land Use Systems of the World database, considering climate with irrigation scenarios applied according to the GMIAV5 database [41].

<p>^† Considered equivalent to the classes identified as suitable using the expert assessment system (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0132807#pone.0132807.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>).</p><p>Habitat classes are listed in descending order of area at risk under the current climate scenario.</p

Combined establishment and transient invasion risks posed by <i>Parthenium hysterophorus</i> modelled using CLIMEX with the CliMond CM10_1975H_WO_V1.1 climate dataset [9], including the effect of irrigation [41].

<p>(A) Global and (B) Europe and North Africa.</p

Endangered area considering climate (EI ≥ 1) and suitable habitat types in the FAO Land Use Systems database, A) Globally, and B) for Europe and North Africa.

<p>Endangered area considering climate (EI ≥ 1) and suitable habitat types in the FAO Land Use Systems database, A) Globally, and B) for Europe and North Africa.</p

Modelling scheme for assessing pest risks for <i>Parthenium hysterophorus</i> in the EPPO region using the EPPO Decision-support scheme for quarantine pests.

<p>Green boxes are inputs, blue boxes are models, grey is an intermediate product, and orange boxes are outputs.</p

Areal summary of composite invasion risk to Europe from <i>Parthenium hysterophorus</i> by land use system class according to the FAO Land Use Systems of the World database, considering climate with irrigation scenarios applied according to the GMIAV5 database [41].

<p>^† Considered equivalent to the classes identified as suitable using the expert assessment system (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0132807#pone.0132807.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>).</p><p>Habitat classes are listed in descending order of area at risk under the historical (1975H) climate scenario.</p