Akn 564: an unusual component in the X-ray spectra of NLSy1 galaxies

We present an ASCA observation of the NLSy1 Ark 564. The X-ray light curve shows rapid variability, but no evidence for energy-dependence to these variations, within the 0.6 -- 10 keV bandpass. A strong (EW ~ 70 eV) spectral feature is observed close to 1 keV. A similar feature has been observed in TON S180 (another NLSy1) but has not been observed in broad-line Seyfert galaxies. The feature energy suggests a large contribution from Fe L-shell lines but its intensity is difficult to explain in terms of emission and/or absorption from photoionized gas. Models based on gas in thermal equilibrium with kT ~1 keV provide an alternative parameterization of the soft spectrum. The latter may be interpreted as the hot intercloud medium, undergoing rapid cooling and producing strong Fe L-shell recombination lines. In all cases the physical conditions are rather different from those observed in broad-line Seyferts. The hard X-ray spectrum shows a broad and asymmetric Fe Kalpha line of large equivalent width (~550 eV) which can be explained by a neutral disk viewed at ~ 60 degrees to the line-of-sight, contrary to the hypothesis that NLSy1s are viewed pole-on. The large EW of this line, the strong 1 keV emission and the strong optical Fe emission lines all suggest an extreme Fe abundance in this and perhaps other NLSy1s.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures. LaTeX with encapsulated postscript. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa

Energy in Agriculture: Energy Resource Series for Youth and Adult Energy Programs: 6. Wind

There is a tremendous amount of energy at work in the atmosphere at all times in the form of wind. Man has recognized this for ages and has used it to a limited extent by constructing devices, such as windmills. Today, the rapidly diminishing supply of fossil fuels has prompted us to take a new look at wind as a source of energy. This publication will study some of the ways engineers have devised to harness wind

Energy in Agriculture: Energy Resource Series for Youth and Adult Energy Programs: 5. Solar

Since 1973, when the public became aware that shortages of gasoline for automobiles could drastically affect their personal lives, there has been much interest in solar energy. Many articles have appeared in the popular press about the potential of solar energy, and the federal government has allocated large sums of money for research in this area of energy. Most science textbooks now contain a chapter or two on solar energy utilization. Most engineering colleges offer courses specifically related to energy, and many of these place emphasis on the solar aspect. There is little doubt that the public, in all sectors, is well aware of the sun as a vast source of energy

Energy in Agriculture: Energy Resource Series for Youth and Adult Energy Programs: 5. Solar

Since 1973, when the public became aware that shortages of gasoline for automobiles could drastically affect their personal lives, there has been much interest in solar energy. Many articles have appeared in the popular press about the potential of solar energy, and the federal government has allocated large sums of money for research in this area of energy. Most science textbooks now contain a chapter or two on solar energy utilization. Most engineering colleges offer courses specifically related to energy, and many of these place emphasis on the solar aspect. There is little doubt that the public, in all sectors, is well aware of the sun as a vast source of energy

Energy in Agriculture: Energy Resource Series for Youth and Adult Energy Programs: 2. Definitions

The words described in this publication are used in the other publications in this energy resource series without further defining. In most cases the first sentence, paragraph or formula describes a word or term sufficiently to use it . The added explanation is an attempt to give the reader a firm foundation for using the word confidently in energy programs

Energy in Agriculture: Energy Resource Series for Youth and Adult Energy Programs: 11. Geothermal

Geothermal energy or earth heat has the potential of becoming the foremost source of energy during the next few decades just as the fossil fuels have been for the past 75 years. This source is so great that it is limitless, unlike the fossil or nuclear fission fuels. Yet there are formidable problems in the application of geothermal energy for useful work

Energy in Agriculture: Energy Resource Series for Youth and Adult Energy Programs: 9. Wood

Wood is a bio-fuel. This means that it comes from living things. Lawn grass, field crops and garden plants and flowers are all in the bio-family of living things. In fact, there is no difference between the wood of today and fossil fuels of aeons ago, such as coal and oil except time. Millions of years ago all fossil fuels were lush green plants, thriving on nutrients and moisture in the earth and the photosynthesis process. These have long since died but have been preserved beneath the surface of the earth. Actually, the wood of today and the fossil fuels of aeons ago trace their origin to energy from the sun. The plant\u27s tissue is a storehouse of some of this energy. The energy remains stored until plants are eaten, burned or decayed, thus releasing the energy. Decay results when microbes and fungus digest the plant tissue

Energy in Agriculture: Energy Resource Series for Youth and Adult Energy Programs: 3. Oil and Gas

The oil and gas in the earth today were formed many millions of years ago, long before humans appeared on the scene. Therefore, man can only theorize about the origin of these fossil fuels. The most widely accepted theory is that the oil and gas found in the earth today had their beginnings in decomposed animals and plants. The decomposition was caused by bacteria and chemicals called enzymes which digested the plant and animal bodies