Raznolikost plodova i sadnica u populacijama pitomoga kestena (Castanea sativa Mill.) u Turskoj

Sweet chestnut, Castanea sativa Mill., is an important multipurpose tree species in Asia Minor and Europe. The objective of this study was to investigate variation among eight sweet chestnut populations in Turkey by using different morphological characteristics of fruits and seedlings. A total of four fruit characteristics were analysed: fruit length, width and thickness, and fruit shape, i.e. the ratio of fruit length and width. Additionally, 1000 fruit mass and fruit moisture content were determined as well. Measurements of seedling length, root collar diameter and sturdiness quotient were carried out at one-year old seedlings. The highest values of fruit length, width and thickness were found in İzmir population, while the highest values of seedling length, root collar diameter and sturdiness quotient were found in Balıkesir population. The 1000 fruit mass ranged between 3815.1 g and 10516.5 g, and the highest average fruit moisture content was 52.21 %. In general, the fruit size increased from eastern to western populations. Furthermore, the results of statistical analyses showed that there were significant differences between analysed populations for measured morphological characteristics related to both fruit and seedling. Application of cluster analysis revealed grouping of populations according to the eco-geographic principle. However, human influence on the population structure cannot be excluded as well.Pitomi kesten, Castanea sativa Mill., plemenita je vrsta drveća od koje imamo višestruku gospodarsku korist (kvalitetno drvo, jestivi plodovi, med, ogrijev, listinac i dr.). Rasprostranjen je u mediteranskom području, od Kaspijskog jezera do Atlantskog oceana. U Turskoj najveće površine pod kestenovim šumama nalazimo na području sjeverne i zapadne Antolije te u regiji Marmara. U posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća pitomi kesten je ugrožen od raka kestenove kore i negativnih antropogenih utjecaja. S obzirom na to provedena su brojna istraživanja s ciljem očuvanje genofonda ove plemenite vrste drveća.Glavni cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi morfološku varijabilnost plodova i jednogodišnjih sadnica pitomoga kestena u Turskoj. Plodovi za morfometrijsku analizu skupljeni su tijekom listopada u osam populacija pitomoga kestena na području istočne, središnje i zapadne Turske (slika 1, tablica 1). Unutar svake populacije sakupljeni su uzorci sa po 15 do 20 stabala. Ukupno su određene po četiri značajke na svakom plodu: dužina, širina i debljina ploda te omjer dužine i širine ploda. Osim toga, određen je i udio vlage u plodovima, kao i masa 1000 zračno suhih plodova. Plodovi su u proljeće posijani na unaprijed pripremljene gredice. Na kraju prvog vegetacijskog razdoblja mjerene su sljedeće značajke: visina sadnice, promjer sadnice pri osnovi i koeficijent čvrstoće. Za utvrđivanje varijabilnosti populacija korištene su deskriptivne i multivarijatne statističke metode. Podaci su obrađeni u programskom paketu SPSS 23.0.Rezultati deskriptivne statističke analize prikazani su na slici 2. Najviše vrijednosti za dužinu, širinu i debljinu ploda utvrđene su u populaciji Izmira, dok su najviše prosječne vrijednosti za visinu sadnice, promjer sadnice pri njenoj osnovi i koeficijent čvrstoće utvrđene u populaciji Balikesira. Masa 1000 zračno suhih plodova kretala se je od 3815,1 g do 10516,5 g, a udio vlage u plodovima od 38.46 % do 52,21 % (tablica 2). Istraživanjem je utvrđen visok stupanj varijabilnosti populacija pitomoga kestena u Turskoj (slika 3). Rezultati provedene analize varijance pokazali su da se populacije međusobno signifikantno razlikuju za sve istraživane značajke. Pearsonovim koeficijentom korelacije utvrđena je statistički značajna korelacija između dužine, širine i debljine ploda, kao i mase 1000 zračno suhih plodova (tablica 3). Osim toga, pozitivna korelacija utvrđena je i između visine sadnice i koeficijenta čvrstoće. Duncanovim testom i hijerarhijskom klasterskom analizom utvrđeno je da se one populacije koje su geografski bliže i ekološki sličnije nalaze u istoj skupini (slika 1 i 4). Također je utvrđeno da se veličina plodova u kestenovim šumama Turske povećava od istoka prema zapadu

In vivo evaluation of the neurogenotoxic effects of exposure to validamycin A in neuroblasts of drosophila melanogaster larval brain

Agriculture commonly utilizes crop protection products to tackle infestations from fungi, parasites, insects, and weeds. Validamycin A, an inhibitor of trehalase, possesses antibiotic and antifungal attributes. Epidemiological evidence has led to concerns regarding a potential link between pesticide usage and neurodegenerative diseases. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been recognized as a reliable model for genetic research due to its significant genetic similarities with mammals. Here, we propose to use D. melanogaster as an effective in vivo model system to investigate the genotoxic risks associated with exposure to validamycin A. In this study, we performed a neurotoxic evaluation of validamycin A in D. melanogaster larvae. Several endpoints were evaluated, including toxicity, intracellular oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species), intestinal damage, larval behavior (crawling behavior, light/dark sensitivity assay, and temperature sensitivity assay), locomotor (climbing) behavior, and neurogenotoxic effects (impaired DNA via Comet assay, enhanced by Endo III and formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase [FPG]). The results showed that exposure to validamycin A, especially at higher doses (1 and 2.5 mM), induced DNA impairment in neuroblasts as observed by Comet assay. Both larvae and adults exhibited behavioral changes and produced reactive oxygen species. Most importantly, this research represents a pioneering effort to report neurogenotoxicity data specifically in Drosophila larval neuroblasts, thus underscoring the importance of this species as a testing model in exploring the biological impacts of validamycin A. The in vivo findings from the experiments are a valuable and novel addition to the existing validamycin A neurogenotoxicity database.No sponso

Türkiye’deki ticari bankaların web sitesi performansları

The purpose of this paper is to measure the performances of commercial banks’ websites in Turkey by using “MultiCriteria Decision Making” (MCDM). The use of three MCDM methods (AHP, TOPSIS, VIKOR) consecutively constitutes the originality of this study. Based on the literature and expert opinions, 6 performance criteria (load time, page speed, markup, speed index, visitors, pageviews) and 5 website analysis tools were determined. First, the significance weights of the criteria were calculated with AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process). Second, the data obtained in the 2-month period were analyzed by TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) and VIKOR (Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje) methods. “Page speed” was found to be the most important criterion in performance of banks’ websites. Most successful banks in terms of website efficiency are Garanti BBVA, Isbank and QNB Finansbank according to TOPSIS whereas QNB Finansbank, Garanti BBVA and Halkbank according to VIKOR results. It is observed that banks with high deposits and number of branches and employees do not show the same success in website performance. The results are expected to shed light on managers who want to set policies and strategies for digital banking applications.Bu çalışmanın amacı, “Çok Kriterli Karar Verme” (ÇKKV) yöntemlerini kullanarak, Türkiye’deki ticari bankaların web sitesi performanslarını ölçmektir. Bu kapsamda üç ÇKKV yönteminin (AHP, TOPSIS, VIKOR) bir arada kullanılması, çalışmanın özgünlüğünü oluşturmaktadır. Literatüre ve uzmanların görüşlerine dayanarak, 6 performans kriteri (yükleme süresi, sayfa hızı, biçimlendirme, hız endeksi, ziyaretçiler, sayfa görünümleri) ve 5 web sitesi analiz aracı belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında AHP (Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci) yöntemi ile kriterlerin önem ağırlıkları hesaplanmıştır. İkinci aşamada, 2 aylık periyotta elde edilen verilerin TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) ve VIKOR (Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje) yöntemleri ile analizi yapılmıştır. Bulgulara göre, “sayfa hızı” değişkeninin, banka web sitelerinin performans değerlendirmesinde en önemli kriter olduğu saptanmıştır. TOPSIS yönteminde Garanti BBVA, İş Bankası ve QNB Finansbank web sitesi performansında en başarılı Türk ticari bankaları olmuştur. VIKOR yöntemine göre ise QNB Finansbank, Garanti BBVA ve Halkbank en başarılı bankalardır. Mevduat hacmi büyük, şube ve çalışan sayısı yüksek olan bankaların, web sitesi performansında aynı başarıyı göstermedikleri gözlemlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçların, dijital bankacılık uygulamalarına yönelik politika ve strateji belirlemek isteyen yöneticilere ışık tutması beklenmektedir

Utjecaj različitih čimbenika na razmnožavanje zrelim reznicama nekih crnogoričnih ukrasnih biljaka

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana ‘Ellwoodii’, Cryptomeria japonica ‘Elegans’ and x Cupressocyparis leylandii have great importance in terms of usage areas as ornamental plant. The overcoming the problem, that may be encountered in generative propagation of these taxa, using vegetative propagation method are very important for producers dealing with park and garden works. It was investigated that the effects of different greenhouse medium, rooting medium and phytohormones on propagation by hardwood cutting of studied taxa. In this study, three greenhouse medium (Greenhouse-1, 2 and 3 medium), two rooting medium (perlite and peat) and four phytohormones (IBA 1000, IBA 5000, NAA 1000 and NAA 5000 ppm) were selected. The first root and callus formation dates, rooting percentage, callus percentage, root length and the number of roots were determined. The results showed that the highest rooting percentages for C. lawsoniana ‘Ellwoodii’ were obtained as 100% in peat rooting medium (IBA 1000 ppm) at Greenhouse-2 medium and Greenhouse-3 medium and perlite rooting medium (control) at Greenhouse-3 medium. On the other hand, the highest rooting percentages for C. japonica ‘Elegans’ were obtained as 100% in IBA 1000, IBA 5000 and NAA 1000 ppm treatments at Greenhouse-1 medium, while this value for x C. leylandii occurred in NAA 5000 ppm treatment (73.33%) at Greenhouse-2 medium, in perlite rooting medium for both. The conditions required for the best rooting in cutting propagation vary according to the species studied, and generally, auxin applications, rooting medium temperature 5 °C higher than air temperature and use of perlite rooting medium can be recommended.Chamaecyparis lawsoniana ‘Ellwoodii’, Cryptomeria japonica ‘Elegans’ i x Cupressocyparis leylandii od velike su važnosti s obzirom na njihovo područje uporabe kao ukrasnog bilja. Prevladavanje problema s kojim se može susresti u generativnoj reprodukciji ovih svojti vegetativnim načinom razmnožavanja vrlo je važno za proizvođače koji se bave parkovnim i vrtnim radovima. Istražen je utjecaj različitih stakleničkih supstrata (SS), supstrata za ukorjenjivanje (SU) i fitohormona (F) na razmnožavanje reznicama proučavanih svojti. U ovom istraživanju odabrana tri staklenička medija (Staklenik-1, 2 i 3), ????dva supstrata za ukorjenjivanje (perlit i treset) i dvije aktivne tvati fitohormona (IBA i NAA) s dvije koncentracije ppm (1000 i 5000 ppm). Određeni su datumi nastanka prvog korijena i kalusa, postotak zakorjenjivanja (PZ), postotak kalusiranja (PK), ukupna duljina korijena (DK) i broj korijena (BK). Rezultati su pokazali da su najviši postoci (100%) ukorjenjivanja zabilježeni kod C. lawsoniana ‘Ellwoodii’ u supstratu od treseta (IBA 1000 ppm) na podlogama staklenika-2 i podlogama staklenika-3 i podlogu za ukorjenjivanje perlita (kontrola) na stakleniku-3 mediji. S druge strane, najveći postotak ukorjenjivanja za C. japonica ‘Elegans’ dobiven je kao 100% u tretmanima IBA 1000, IBA 5000 i NAA 1000 ppm na podlogama SS-1, dok se ova vrijednost za x C. leylandii dogodila u tretmanu NAA 5000 ppm (73.33%) na podlogama SS-2, u medijima za ukorjenjivanje perlita za oba. Uvjeti potrebni za najbolje ukorjenjivanje u razmnožavanju zrelim reznicama razlikuju se ovisno o istraživanim svojstama, a općenito se mogu preporučiti primjena auksina, temperatura supstrata za ukorjenjivanje 5 °C viša od temperature zraka i uporaba perlita za ukorjenjivanje

Heat Transfer During Subcooled Boiling in Tubes (A Review)

This article provides a review of the correlations and models for determining the intensity of heat transfer during subcooled boiling in pipes. These advantages and disadvantages were determined both by analyzing the physical laws of subcooled boiling and by comparing the results that were obtained by the authors of this article by means of various models of subcooled boiling with the experimental data obtained during the study of heat transfer during the subcooled boiling of ammonia in a cylindrical heated tube. As a result of the review and comparison with the experimental data, it was determined that the existing correlations and models describe the subcooled boiling of ammonia with insufficient accuracy, especially in the area of the combined effect of forced convection and nucleate boiling.В статті наведено огляд кореляцій та моделей для визначення інтенсивності теплообміну під час недогрітого кипіння теплоносія у трубах. В статті виконано аналіз переваг та недоліків кореляцій та моделей. В результаті огляду та порівняння з експериментальними даними визначено, що існуючі кореляції та моделі описують недогріте кипіння аміаку з недостатньою точністю, особливо у разі спільного впливу вимушеної конвекції та пузиркового кипіння.В статье представлен обзор корреляций и моделей для определения интенсивности теплообмена при недогретом кипении в трубах. В статье проведен анализ достоинств и недостатков корреляций и моделей. В результате обзора и сравнения с экспериментальными данными определено, что существующие корреляции и модели описывают недогретое кипение аммиака с недостаточной точностью, особенно при совместном влиянии вынужденной конвекции и пузырькового кипения