Solution-processed LiF for work function tuning in electrode bilayers

Although ambient processing is the key to low-cost organic solar cell production, high vacuum thermal evaporation of LiF is often a limiting step, motivating the exploration of solution processing of LiF as an alternative electrode interlayer. Sub-monolayer films are realized with the assistance of polymeric micelle reactors that enable LiF particle deposition with controlled nanoscale surface coverage. Scanning Kelvin probe reveals a work function tunable with nanoparticle coverage, with higher values than that of bare tin-doped indium oxide