Disinfection by hydrogen peroxide nebulization increases susceptibility to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli

Background: Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are the major cause of economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Traditionally, antibiotics are used to treat and prevent colibacillosis in broilers. Due to resistance development other ways of preventing/treating the disease have to be found. Therefore during this study the nebulization of low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was tested in the presence of chickens to lower pathogenicity of APEC. Results: Significantly higher total lesion scores and higher E. coli concentrations were found in the spleen of chickens exposed to 2 % H2O2 compared to those exposed to 1 % H2O2 and control chickens which had been exposed to nebulization with distilled water. Higher total lesions scores and E. coli concentrations in the spleen were found in chickens exposed to 1 % H2O2 in comparison to control chickens (not significant). Conclusion: H2O2 is rendering animals more prone to APEC infection contraindicating H2O2 nebulization in the presence of chickens

The use of stories and metaphors in pastoral counseling with orphans and vulnerable children affected by HIV and AIDS in Mbeya, Tanzania

The thesis describes the use of stories and metaphors in pastoral counseling with orphans and vulnerable children (future: OVC) affected by HIV and AIDS in Mbeya.. It is a narrative approach study which examines and explores stories and other metaphors for the children’s resilience. A narrative approach helps pastoral counselors to use stories and metaphors such as life stories, proverbs, biblical narratives, plays, art, songs, riddles, poems, symbols and images for the healing and coping mechanism with OVC. The OVC in the midst of challenges of HIV and AIDS crisis can find a healing and coping mechanism in Mbeya. A narrative approach with the use of stories and metaphors in pastoral counseling and in practical theology can be used and applied in responding to issues surrounding the OVC. It is an approach that can help the OVC find their resilience and grow into a more meaningful life, the life of wholeness. Methodologically, case studies, focus groups and interviews have been used to collect the data which was analyzed and interpreted in detail to reach the objectives of the study. I explored and discussed in detail the use of narratives, stories, and metaphors in case studies and focus groups with OVC in Mbeya. Finally, an integrative narrative model was established to build up a practical method for practical theology and counseling in dealing with the challenges which the OVC are facing. The model came as a result of the analysis and interpretation of the case studies, focus groups and interviews conducted in the field research. It describes a life cycle of a person, the events and experiences one passes through, which will ultimately help a person to grow and mature to become whole or an integrative being.Philosophy, Practical and Systematic TheologyD. Th. (Practical Theology, Specialisation Pastoral Therapy

African emerging market countries and policy implications for Tanzania

Thesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Development Policy,2013masterpublishedTuntufye Mwambene

African University Students’s Gender Differences in HIV/AIDS Knowledge

African university adolescents gender differences in HIV/AIDS knowledge investigated whether there are differences in female and male participants in their knowledge of HIV/AIDS. The sample of 366 respondents of males and females was selected from universities in Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania. The quantitative method based on frequency, percentage, t-test and probability was used for data analysis. The results showed that for both the Kenyan and South African participants, there was parity in their knowledge of HIV/AIDS. As for the Tanzania sample, there were gender differences in their knowledge of HIV/AIDS; with male participants being more informed about HIV/AIDS than their female counterparts. In conclusion, it was argued that given the importance of knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS transmission, there is need to close the gender differences gap between male and female respondents in Tanzania. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n27p43