The estimation of medical cost for Ischemic heart disease

The number one killer in Malaysia reported to be the Ischemic Heart Disease. To make matters worse, the medical cost for treating this disease has also increases. Therefore, it is important for us to be informed of what are odds of getting ischemic heart disease and the expected cost needed for treating heart disease so that we can plan for future savings. This paper calculates the probability of getting heart disease based on age, gender and ethnic. We then estimate the expected medical cost of different procedure for treating ischemic heart disease varying age group. A comparison between different age group, the probability of suffering form from heart disease rises as age increases and the rate is the highest for those in age 50 to 59. While probability of male getting heart disease is higher as compared to female. Further, Malay was the most diagnosed with heart disease as compared to Chinese and Indian. The expected cost for Ischemic heart disease also varies by age and procedure where those in the age of 50 to 59 need to save the most for medical treatment

Muslim women’s marriage, pregnancy, abortion and spacing of children: Evidence from the United States, Iran and Malaysia

Background: This study investigates the decisions on marriage, pregnancy, abortion and spacing of children among Muslim women (MW) residing in the United States, Iran and Malaysia to explore the occurrences as well as socio-demographic characteristics associated with the likelihood of making an independent decision regarding sexual and reproductive health rights. Methods: A total of 1140 MW in Washington, D.C. (the United States), Tehran (Iran) and Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) participated in this study, and the number of respondents were equally distributed across the three cities. To examine the occurrences of sexual and reproductive rights violation, we report the descriptive statistics from the responses given by MW in these cities. Results: On the decision to solemnize marriage, 84.5 per cent of MW in Malaysia reported that the marriage decision is made jointly with their husbands, but this figure stands at only 30 per cent in Iran and 47.9 per cent in the United States. More than 80 per cent and 72 per cent of MW in Malaysia and Iran, respectively, make decisions on pregnancy, abortion and spacing of children jointly with their husbands. Conclusions: Policymakers should promote jointly made (made by wife and husband together) decisions among Muslims, which accords with Islamic teachings and is considered as good practice among Muslims

System dynamics approach in analyzing impact of demographic and salary risks on pension expenditure

Public pension plan in Malaysia is studied to analyze pension expenditure due to salary and demographic risks. Through the literature review and interview session with several officers in public sector, factors affecting pension expenditure are determined.The System Dynamic model is later developed using iThink software to show how demographic and salary changes affect the pension expenditure. Then, by using actual data, the impact of demographic and salary risks on pension expenditure is analyzed. The dynamics simulation model developed in this paper offers a useful tool for analyzing pension expenditure as a result of demographic and salary risks

The state of sexual and reproductive health rights in developing countries: a qualitative review

Objective: To review surveys on sexual and reproductive health rights. The main focus of the review is examining the issues on sexual and reproductive health rights such as family planning, unsafe abortion and role of men as to gain insights on how women are affected by these circumstances. Methods: A qualitative systematic review methodology was carried out by means of thematic synthesis. The scholarly works were searched using databases such as EBSCOhost, Emerald and Web of Science. Results: 18 scholarly works employing survey method involving 18 countries were selected for the review with a total of 184,383 respondents. Conclusion: Women's level of education need to be increased since it can be the most effective platform to advance the acceptance of family planning and increase the demand for planning services. In spite of focusing on sexual and reproductive health rights exclusively on women, a policy on male contraceptive and the right method of information delivery targeting men seems to be necessary