ÇUMRA TARIMI VE ARAZİ TOPLULAŞTIRMASI

Orta Anadolu Bölgesinde sulama birçok üründe özellikle tahıllarda önemli verim artışları sağlar. Konya’nın yıllık yağışlarının uzun yıllar ortalaması 321 mm olup Çumra ovasında 275 mm’ye kadar azalmaktadır. 2002 ürün yetişme döneminde ise toplam yıllık yağış Konya’da 384mm Çumra’da ise 386 mm olmuştur. Araştırmalara göre bu yağışların tamamı hububat yetişme döneminde düşse bile bitkilerin su tüketimini karşılamaz. Çumra’nın 693 689 da alanında buğday ve 74 832 da alanında ise şeker pancarı ekimi yapılmaktadır. Buğday ve Pancar Türkiye için ekonomik önemi büyük olan iki tarımsal üründür. Bu ürünlerin dışında geniş ürün desenine sahip tarihi bir merkezdir. Konya Ovası Projesi (KOP), Güney Doğu Anadolu Projesinden (GAP) sonra gelen ikinci büyük projedir. Bu proje arazi toplulaştırma projeleri ile birlikte düşünülmektedir. Çumra ise arazi toplulaştırma çalışmalarının ve sulama projelerinin ilk defa uygulandığı bir yerdir

Chemical Fingerprinting of Seeds of Some <i>Salvia</i> Species in Turkey by Using GC-MS and FTIR

Six species of Salvia seeds cultivated and grown in Cumra/Konya (Turkey) were evaluated using headspace gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) combined chemometrics of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The major volatile compounds in the Salvia species are determined as n-hexanal (present in seven samples), sabinene (present in three samples), &#945;-pinene (present in 13 samples), &#945;-thujone (present in four samples), borneol (present in 11 samples), linalyl acetate (present in 10 samples), &#946;-pinene (present in 13 samples), camphene (present in 13 samples), &#945;-thujene (present in four samples), 2,4(10)-thujadien (present in two samples), &#946;-myrcene (present in seven samples), limonen (present in 12 samples), 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (present in 13 samples) and camphor (present in nine samples). The most abundant (%) volatile compounds among all were detected as &#945;-pinene, camphene, &#946;-pinene and eucalyptol. For the first time, chemometrics of HCA and PCA is applied to FTIR and GC-MS data. The classification of all samples is performed on the basis of their chemical similarities and differences

Changes in the fatty acid compositions and bioactivities of clary sage seeds depending on harvest year

The aim of this work was to study the fatty acid composition and proximate analysis, including total proteins, dry matter, total phenol levels, antioxidants and antiradical activities of clary sage (Salvia sclarea L) seeds harvested in five consecutive years, from 2006 to 2010. Firstly, the dry matter, oil, protein and fatty acid composition of the clary sage seeds were determined. The dry matter, oil and protein content of the clary sage seed samples varied between 97.64 and 98.35, 23.83 and 29.34, and 21.97 and 22.96%, respectively. Secondly, the fatty acid compositions in the oil and the bioactive properties in the extract were investigated. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were the most abundant fatty acids in the clary sage. The alpha-linolenic, oleic and linoleic acid contents of the sage oils changed from 50.04 to 53.69%; 20.10 to 22.97%; 15.54 to 18.06%, respectively according to year. The total phenolic content, antioxidant and antiradical activities of the sage seeds were determined in the range of 7.71-13.21 mg GAE/g dry extract, 50.45-74.04 (mg AAE/g dry extract) and 13.14-21.21% respectively. Each of the investigated parameters of the sage seeds was significantly affected by the harvesting year. Consequently, clary sage seeds are rich in fatty acids and contained high levels of antioxidant and antiradical activities making them ideal for use as nutraceuticals. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. The&nbsp;&nbsp; aim&nbsp;&nbsp; of&nbsp;&nbsp; this&nbsp;&nbsp; work&nbsp; was&nbsp;&nbsp; to&nbsp;&nbsp; study&nbsp;&nbsp; the&nbsp;&nbsp; fatty&nbsp; acid&nbsp;&nbsp; composition&nbsp;&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp; proximate&nbsp;&nbsp; analysis,&nbsp; including&nbsp;&nbsp; total proteins,&nbsp; dry&nbsp; matter,&nbsp; total&nbsp; phenol&nbsp; levels,&nbsp;&nbsp; antioxidants&nbsp;&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp; antiradical&nbsp; activities&nbsp; of&nbsp;&nbsp; clary&nbsp; sage&nbsp; (Salvia&nbsp;&nbsp; sclarea L.)&nbsp; seeds&nbsp;&nbsp; harvested&nbsp;&nbsp; in&nbsp;&nbsp; five&nbsp;&nbsp; consecutive&nbsp;&nbsp; years,&nbsp;&nbsp; from&nbsp; 2006&nbsp; to&nbsp;&nbsp; 2010.&nbsp;&nbsp; Firstly,&nbsp; the&nbsp;&nbsp; dry&nbsp; matter,&nbsp; oil,&nbsp; protein&nbsp; and fatty&nbsp; acid&nbsp;&nbsp; composition&nbsp;&nbsp; of&nbsp;&nbsp; the&nbsp;&nbsp; clary&nbsp; sage&nbsp; seeds&nbsp;&nbsp; were&nbsp; determined.&nbsp;&nbsp; The&nbsp;&nbsp; dry&nbsp; matter,&nbsp; oil&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp; protein&nbsp; content of&nbsp;&nbsp; the&nbsp;&nbsp; clary&nbsp; sage&nbsp; seed&nbsp; samples&nbsp;&nbsp; varied&nbsp; between&nbsp; 97.64&nbsp;&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp; 98.35,&nbsp;&nbsp; 23.83&nbsp;&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp; 29.34,&nbsp;&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp; 21.97&nbsp;&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp; 22.96%, respectively.&nbsp; Secondly,&nbsp;&nbsp; the&nbsp;&nbsp; fatty&nbsp; acid&nbsp;&nbsp; compositions&nbsp; in&nbsp;&nbsp; the&nbsp;&nbsp; oil&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp; the&nbsp;&nbsp; bioactive&nbsp; properties&nbsp;&nbsp; in&nbsp;&nbsp; the&nbsp;&nbsp; extract were&nbsp; investigated.&nbsp; Polyunsaturated&nbsp;&nbsp; fatty&nbsp; acids&nbsp; were&nbsp; the&nbsp;&nbsp; most&nbsp; abundant&nbsp;&nbsp; fatty&nbsp; acids&nbsp; in&nbsp;&nbsp; the&nbsp;&nbsp; clary&nbsp; sage. The&nbsp;&nbsp; -linolenic,&nbsp;&nbsp; oleic&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp; linoleic&nbsp;&nbsp; acid&nbsp;&nbsp; contents&nbsp; of&nbsp;&nbsp; the&nbsp;&nbsp; sage&nbsp; oils&nbsp;&nbsp; changed&nbsp; from&nbsp; 50.04&nbsp;&nbsp; to&nbsp;&nbsp; 53.69%;&nbsp;&nbsp; 20.10 to&nbsp;&nbsp; 22.97%;&nbsp;&nbsp; 15.54&nbsp;&nbsp; to&nbsp;&nbsp; 18.06%,&nbsp; respectively&nbsp;&nbsp; according&nbsp;&nbsp; to&nbsp;&nbsp; year.&nbsp; The&nbsp;&nbsp; total&nbsp; phenolic&nbsp; content,&nbsp;&nbsp; antioxidant&nbsp; and antiradical&nbsp; activities&nbsp; of&nbsp;&nbsp; the&nbsp;&nbsp; sage&nbsp; seeds&nbsp;&nbsp; were&nbsp; determined&nbsp; in&nbsp;&nbsp; the&nbsp;&nbsp; range&nbsp;&nbsp; of&nbsp;&nbsp; 7.71&ndash;13.21&nbsp; mg&nbsp; GAE/g&nbsp;&nbsp; dry&nbsp; extract, 50.45&ndash;74.04&nbsp;&nbsp; (mg&nbsp;&nbsp; AAE/g&nbsp;&nbsp; dry&nbsp; extract)&nbsp;&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp; 13.14&ndash;21.21%&nbsp; respectively.&nbsp; Each&nbsp; of&nbsp;&nbsp; the&nbsp;&nbsp; investigated&nbsp;&nbsp; parameters of&nbsp;&nbsp; the&nbsp;&nbsp; sage&nbsp; seeds&nbsp;&nbsp; was&nbsp;&nbsp; significantly&nbsp;&nbsp; affected&nbsp;&nbsp; by&nbsp; the&nbsp;&nbsp; harvesting&nbsp; year.&nbsp; Consequently,&nbsp;&nbsp; clary&nbsp; sage&nbsp; seeds&nbsp;&nbsp; are rich&nbsp;&nbsp; in&nbsp;&nbsp; fatty&nbsp; acids&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp; contained&nbsp;&nbsp; high&nbsp; levels&nbsp;&nbsp; of&nbsp;&nbsp; antioxidant&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp; antiradical&nbsp; activities&nbsp; making&nbsp; them&nbsp;&nbsp; ideal for&nbsp;&nbsp; use&nbsp;&nbsp; as&nbsp; nutraceuticals.</p

Influence of the harvesting year and fertilizer on the fatty acid composition and some physicochemical properties of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

SarA +/- 85 (Linum usitatissimum L.) linseed variety was used in this study. Linseed was cultivated at 2008 (LS-08) and 2009 (LS-09) without fertilizer. In addition, at 2009 diammonium phosphate [(NH(4))(2)HPO(4)] and ammonium nitrate (NH(4)NO(3)) were applied (LSF-09). The linseeds were analyzed for protein, ash and oil contents and fatty acid compositions. There were differences among harvesting years for oil, protein and ash contents of the seeds. The greater oil and protein contents were obtained during LS-08 compared with LS-09. There were no significant difference in protein and ash content between LS-09 and LSF-09 while a significant difference was observed in oil content. Seed protein, oil and ash contents were significantly affected by the harvesting year, but only oil content was affected by the fertilizer treatment. There are significant differences in palmitic, stearic, oleic, alpha-linolenic and arachidic acid between LS-08 and LS-09. While palmitic, stearic, oleic acid decreased, alpha-linolenic and arachidic acid increased during 2009 harvesting year. LSF-09 has the highest amount of alpha-linolenic acid. The fertilizing treatment seems to have an increasing effect on the amount of alpha-linolenic acid, while it has a decreasing effect on the oleic acid content.Sarı 85 (Linum usitatissimum L.) linseed variety was used in this study. Linseed was cultivated at 2008 (LS-08) and 2009 (LS-09) without fertilizer.In addition, at 2009 diammonium phosphate [(NH4)2HPO4] and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) were applied (LSF-09). The linseeds were analyzed for protein, ash and oil contents and fatty acid compo-sitions. There were differences among harvesting years for oil, protein and ash contents of the seeds. The greater oil and protein contents were obtained during LS-08 compared with LS-09. There were no significant difference in protein and ash content between LS-09 and LSF-09 while a significant differ-ence was observed in oil content. Seed protein, oil and ash contents were significantly affected by the harvesting year, but only oil content was affected by the fertilizer treatment. There are significant differ-ences in palmitic, stearic, oleic, a-linolenic and arachidic acid between LS-08 and LS-09. While pal-mitic, stearic, oleic acid decreased,a-linolenic and arachidic acid increased during 2009 harvesting year. LSF-09 has the highest amount ofa-linolenic acid. The fertilizing treatment seems to have an increasing effect on the amount ofa-linolenic acid, while it has a decreasing effect on the oleic acid content

Effect of gamma-Irradiation on Bioactivity, Fatty Acid Compositions and Volatile Compounds of Clary Sage Seed (Salvia sclarea L.)

Clary sage seeds (Salvia sclarea L.) were obtained from plants cultivated, and 2.5, 4.0, 5.5, and 7.0 kGy doses of gamma-irradiation were applied to the clary sage seeds. They were then analyzed for their protein, ash, oil and dry matter contents, and fatty acid composition. Additionally, the total phenolic contents, antiradical, antioxidant activities, and volatile compounds of the clary sage seed extract were determined. There was no significant difference in protein content. However, the moisture, oil, and ash contents of the samples were affected by irradiation. While the 7 kGy dose had a positive effect on the total phenolic content and antiradical activity of the sage seed extract, all doses have negative effects on the antioxidant activity of the sage seed. The main fatty acid of the sage seed was remarkably found as alpha-linolenic acid. The four irradiation levels caused significant differences in fatty acid composition by affecting all fatty acids except palmitic, palmitoleic, and eicosenoic acids. The dominant volatile compounds of control sage seed were found as beta-pinene (18.81%) and limonene (15.60%). Higher doses of the irradiation decreased volatile components of sage seed. Clary sage seed including high omega-3 can be irradiated with low doses ( Clar y sage seeds (Salvia sc larea L.) were o btained fro m plants cultivated, and 2.5, 4.0, 5.5, and 7.0 kGy doses of &gamma; -ir r adiation we re applied to the clar y sage seeds. They we re then analyzed for their protein, ash, o il and dr y matter contents, and f atty acid composition. Additionally, the total phenolic contents, antiradical, antioxidant activities, and volatile compounds o f the clar y sage seed extract were deter mined. There was no significant difference in protein content. However, the moisture, oil, and ash contents of the samples were affected by irradiation. While the 7 kGy dose had a positive effect on the total phenolic content and antiradical activity o f the sage seed extract, all doses have negative effects o n the antioxidant activity o f the sage seed. The main f atty acid of the sage seed was remarkabl y found as &alpha; -linolenic acid. The four ir radiation l evels c aused significant differences i n f atty acid composition by affecting all f atty acids except palmitic, palmitoleic, and eicosenoic acids. The dominant volatile compounds o f contro l sage seed were found as &beta; -pinene (18.81%) and limonene (15.60%). Higher doses o f the ir radiation decre ased volatile components o f sage seed. Clar y sage seed including h igh omega-3 can be i r r adiated with l ow doses ( &le;2.5 kGy) of &gamma; -ir r adiation.</p

Investigation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils extracted from medicinal plants

Essential oils of eleven plants including anise, hyssop, flos lavandulae, pot marigold, fennel, mint, chamomile petal, clary sage, cilantro, herba lippiae and dill were screened for total phenolic content by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, for potential antioxidant activity using the phosphomolybdenum assay and for antiradical activity by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPHH) method. The antimicrobial activity was examined by using agar disc diffusion as well as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. The essential oils showed considerable antimicrobial activity against most of the tested microorganisms. The essential oil of dill was very effective in inhibiting the growth of all bacterial strains tested, with a low MIC (125 mu l/ml). Overall, the lowest MIC was found for E. coli O157:H7 and E. coli ATCC 25922 while the highest values were found for S. aureus and L. monocytogenes. The highest total antioxidant capacity as ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) of 195.27 mg/g was obtained for mint with the phosphomolybdenium assay. The highest percentage of inhibition of DPPH radical was obtained with essential oil from dill (92.70 %). It was followed by radical scavenging activities of essential oils from mint (81.00 %) and anise (71.53 %). Total phenolic content of the essential oils ranged from 2.33 to 695.06 mg gallic acid per 100 g of the samples. Mint and dill had the highest content of total phenols. The essential oils of mint, dill, anise hyssop, and flos lavandulae may prove to be a good source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for the food and pharmaceutical industries