Cardiac and respiratory conditioning, differentiation, and extinction in the pigeon

Paired light and foot shock in 12 pigeons rapidly developed acceleratory heart and respiratory conditioned responses. Sensitization and stimulus control birds did not condition. When a different colored stimulus light that was not reinforced was mixed in a random series with the reinforced light, rapid differentiation of both heart and respiratory responses occurred. In most cases neither heart nor respiratory conditioned responses could be extinguished by 100 non-reinforced presentations of the conditioned stimulus

TESTING HYPOTHESES OF NEURAL EVOLUTION IN GYMNOTIFORM ELECTRIC FISHES USING PHYLOGENETIC CHARACTER DATA

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137285/1/evo02255.pd

Brain morphology in large pelagic fishes: A comparison between sharks and teleosts

A quantitative comparison was made of both relative brain size (encephalization) and the relative development of five brain area of pelagic sharks and teleosts. Two integration areas (the telencephalon and the corpus cerebellum) and three sensory brain areas (the olfactory bulbs, optic tectum and octavolateralis area, which receive primary projections from the olfactory epithelium, eye and octavolateralis senses, respectively), in four species of pelagic shark and six species of pelagic teleost were investigated. The relative proportions of the three sensory brain areas were assessed as a proportion of the total 'sensory brain', while the two integration areas were assessed relative to the sensory brain. The allometric analysis of relative brain size revealed that pelagic sharks had larger brains than pelagic teleosts. The volume of the telencephalon was significantly larger in the sharks, while the corpus cerebellum was also larger and more heavily foliated in these animals. There were also significant differences in the relative development of the sensory brain areas between the two groups, with the sharks having larger olfactory bulbs and octavolateralis areas, whilst the teleosts had larger optic tecta. Cluster analysis performed on the sensory brain areas data confirmed the differences in the composition of the sensory brain in sharks and teleosts and indicated that these two groups of pelagic fishes had evolved different sensory strategies to cope with the demands of life in the open ocean

Physicists on the Left: Sakata and Taketani

As in wartime Japan, postwar scientists were asked to subordinate their individual freedom to conduct research for the interests of the much larger group—the nation. This was a source of continuing conflict. Despite Nishina’s call for science to first help revitalize the Japanese economy, Shōichi Sakata and Mituo Taketani responded by arguing for research autonomy and a commitment to basic research. This chapter focuses on the role of the two physicists, Sakata and Taketani, in the postwar democratization of science and technology. Despite great differences in socioeconomic background (described in the first two sections), both shared a common interest in Marxism, reflecting the times in which they lived. Both were particularly outspoken regarding the need for science and democracy in “modernizing” Japan. They held the view, as many scientists after the war, that science and democracy were matching wheels for social progress.1 The third and largest section of this chapter describes how Sakata and Taketani attempted to prove the veracity of this conviction