Correlations between the interfacial chemistry and current-voltage behavior of n-GaAs/liquid junctions

Correlations between the surface chemistry of etched, (100) oriented n-GaAs electrodes and their subsequent photoelectrochemical behavior have been probed by high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. GaAs photoanodes were chemically treated to prepare either an oxide-free near stoichiometric surface, a surface enriched in zero-valent arsenic (As0), or a substrate-oxide terminated surface. The current-voltage (I-V) behavior of each surface type was subsequently monitored in contact with several electrolytes

Fabrication of minority-carrier-limited n-Si/insulator/metal diodes

A photoelectrochemical anodization technique has been used to fabricate n-Si/insulator/metal (MIS) diodes with improved electrical properties. MIS structures fabricated with Au have provided the first experimental observation of a solid-state n-Si surface barrier device whose open circuit voltage Voc is controlled by minority-carrier bulk diffusion/recombination processes. For these diodes, variation of the minority-carrier diffusion length and majority-carrier dopant density produced changes in Voc that were in accord with bulk diffusion/recombination theory. Additionally, the variation in Voc in response to changes in the work function of the metal overlayer indicated that these MIS devices were not subject to the Fermi level pinning restrictions observed for n-Si Schottky structures. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic characterization of the anodically grown insulator indicated 8.2±0.9 Å of a strained SiO2 layer as the interfacial insulator resulting from the photoanodization process

True diversity profiles (D) of identified prey (LMB: n = 40; SMB: n = 278) from tournament-sampled LMB and SMB (LMB: n = 84; SMB: n = 264) for each prey species identified (n = 10).

<p>Relative diversity is maximized at order q = 0.9, indicating LMB consume 3.8 times more prey species than SMB.</p

Bass condition factors before and after Round Goby invasion.

<p>Box plots showing condition factor for LMB and SMB, separated into pre-Round Goby (dark grey), post-Round Goby (light grey) OMNRF-sampled populations, and post-Round Goby (white) tournament-sampled populations (from left to right: n = 158, n = 253, n = 84, n = 757, n = 317, n = 264). Double asterisks (**) indicate p-values between 0.001 and 0.01 (Tukey’s post hoc test).</p

PCR primers for COI and 16S rDNA.

<p>PCR primers for COI and 16S rDNA.</p

Prey classification and identification success according to the ranking system; (1) empty stomach; (2) digested prey, no intact identifying characteristics; (3) digested prey, identifiable above species level; (4) digested prey, species identifiable; and (5) fully intact prey.

<p>Amplification of COI or 16S mitochondrial DNA was used as a positive control for DNA extraction.</p

Abundance of prey within bass stomachs, indicated by occurrence out of all bass, total weight, and total number of prey items identified.

<p>Fish and crayfish data shown below includes all category (2) prey that failed DNA extraction but were visually identifiable as fish or crayfish.</p

COI blocking primers for LMB (<i>M</i>. <i>salmoides</i>) (I = deoxyinosine, 3 = C3 spacer).

<p>COI blocking primers for LMB (<i>M</i>. <i>salmoides</i>) (I = deoxyinosine, 3 = C3 spacer).</p