The economics of nestmate killing in avian brood parasites: a provisions trade-off

Some brood parasites kill all their host's offspring shortly after hatching, whereas others are tolerant and are reared in mixed host-parasite broods. This difference may arise because nestling parasites face a "provisions trade-off," whereby the presence of host nestlings can increase or decrease a parasite's food intake depending on whether host young cause parents to supply more extra food than they consume. We model this trade-off and show that the optimal nestmate number from a parasite's perspective depends on the interaction of 2 parameters describing a parasite's stimulative and competitive properties, relative to host young. Where these parameters differ from one host-parasite pair to the next, either nestmate killing or nestmate tolerance can be favored by natural selection for maximum intake. We show that this extends to variation between hosts of generalist parasites. In an experimental field study, we found that nestling shiny cowbirds (Molothrus bonariensis) reared by house wrens (Troglodytes aedon) had higher food intake and mass growth rate when accompanied by host young than when alone, whereas those reared by chalk-browed mockingbirds (Mimus saturninus) had higher food intake, mass growth, and survival when reared alone than with host young. In both hosts, total provisioning was higher when host nestlings were present, but only in house wrens did cowbirds secure a sufficient share of that extra provisioning to benefit from host nestlings' presence. Thus, a provisions trade-off might generate opposing selective forces on the evolution of nestmate killing not only between parasite species but also within parasite species using multiple hosts. © 2011 The Author

Egg pecking and puncturing behaviors in shiny and screaming cowbirds: effects of eggshell strength and degree of clutch completion

Abstract: Shiny cowbirds (Molothrus bonariensis) are generalist brood parasites that use hosts varying in body and egg size. On the contrary, screaming cowbirds (M. rufoaxillaris), which are larger than shiny cowbirds, are host specialist that use mainly one host of similar body and egg size. Both parasites peck and puncture eggs when visiting nests. Through puncturing eggs, cowbirds can reduce the competition for food their chicks face (reduction of competition hypothesis), but the same behavior could also be a mechanism to enforce host to renest when nests are found late in the nesting cycle (farming hypothesis). Eggshell strength increases the difficulty to puncture eggs and therefore may modulate egg-pecking behavior. To test these hypotheses, we studied the effect of the degree of clutch completion and egg size on egg-puncturing behavior. Moreover, we evaluated if morphological differences between cowbird species and eggshell strength affected egg-pecking behavior. We presented captive females a nest with complete (four eggs) or incomplete (one egg) clutches of house wren (small egg size, low eggshell strength), chalk-browed mockingbird (large egg size, intermediate eggshell strength), or shiny cowbird (medium egg size, high eggshell strength). The proportion of nests with punctured eggs was similar for complete and incomplete clutches. Cowbirds punctured more eggs in complete than in incomplete clutches, but in complete clutches, they did not destroy the entire clutch. There were no differences in the egg-pecking behavior between cowbird species, which pecked more frequently the eggs with the strongest eggshell. Our findings are consistent with the reduction of competition hypothesis. Significance statement: Brood parasitic birds do not build nests and raise their chicks. Instead, they lay eggs in nests of other species (hosts), which carry out all parental care. Some brood parasites, like the cowbirds, peck and puncture eggs when they visit host nests. This behavior may help to reduce the competition for food that their chicks face in the nest (reduction of competition hypothesis) or may enforce hosts to renest (farming hypothesis). We experimentally studied egg-pecking and egg-puncturing behaviors in the host generalist shiny cowbird and the host specialist screaming cowbird. We found that the degree of clutch completion and egg size modulate egg-puncturing behavior and eggshell strength modulates egg-pecking behavior. Our results indicate that by puncturing eggs, cowbirds reduce nest competition.Fil: Cossa, Natalia Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; ArgentinaFil: Tuero, Diego Tomas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; ArgentinaFil: Reboreda, Juan Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; ArgentinaFil: Fiorini, Vanina Dafne. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Argentin

Shiny cowbirds share foster mothers but not true mothers in multiply parasitized mockingbird nests

Obligate brood parasitic birds, such as cowbirds, evade parental care duties by laying their eggs in the nests of other species. Cowbirds are assumed to avoid laying repeatedly in the same nest so as to prevent intrabrood competition between their offspring. However, because searching for host nests requires time and energy, laying more than one egg per nest might be favoured where hosts are large and can readily rear multiple parasites per brood. Such ‘repeat parasitism’ by females would have important consequences for parasite evolution because young parasites would then incur indirect fitness costs from behaving selfishly. We investigated shiny cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis) parasitism of a large host, the chalk-browed mockingbird (Mimus saturninus), in a population where over 70 % of the parasitized mockingbird nests receive multiple cowbird eggs. We assessed egg maternity directly, using cameras at nests to film the laying of individually-marked females. We also supplemented video data with evidence from egg morphology, after confirming that each female lays eggs of a consistent appearance. From 133 eggs laid, we found that less than 5 % were followed by the same female visiting the nest to lay again or to puncture eggs. Multiple eggs in mockingbird nests were instead the result of different females, with up to eight individuals parasitizing a single brood. Thus, while cowbird chicks regularly share mockingbird nests with conspecifics, these are unlikely to be their maternal siblings. Our results are consistent with shiny cowbird females following a one-egg-per-nest rule, even where hosts can rear multiple parasitic young.Fil: Gloag, Ros. University of Oxford; Reino UnidoFil: Fiorini, Vanina Dafne. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Reboreda, Juan Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Kacelnik, Alex. University of Oxford; Reino Unid

Parasitic Behaviour of Interspecific Brood Parasitic Females

Interspecific avian brood parasites have to solve unique problems associated with their reproductive habit: they need to recognize potential hosts, search for and locate their nests, monitor nests progress and return to them at the appropriate time for egg-laying. In addition, parasitic females may improve the survival of their own eggs and chicks by removing or destroying part of the clutch content. Lastly, they should avoid egg-laying in nests parasitized by other females and remember the nests in which they have laid eggs to avoid laying two or more eggs in the same host nest to prevent harming their own previously laid eggs and generating competition between their own offspring. In this chapter we summarize information on the behaviour of parasitic females from the moment they start searching for host nests until they parasitize them (Fig. 1). We review the different hypotheses for explaining the recognition of hosts and the cues used to search for and locate their nests. We also review the different adaptive explanations for the removal or destruction of eggs as well as the information on competition among females for host nests and repeat parasitism.Fil: Reboreda, Juan Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; ArgentinaFil: Fiorini, Vanina Dafne. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; ArgentinaFil: Cecilia de Mársico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; ArgentinaFil: Gloag, Ros. University of Sydney; AustraliaFil: Scardamaglia, Romina Clara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Argentin