Mitogenomes of two neotropical bird species and the multiple independent origin of mitochondrial gene orders in Passeriformes

At least four mitogenome arrangements occur in Passeriformes and differences among them are derived from an initial tandem duplication involving a segment containing the control region (CR), followed by loss or reduction of some parts of this segment. However, it is still unclear how often duplication events have occurred in this bird order. In this study, the mitogenomes from two species of Neotropical passerines (Sicalis olivascens and Lepidocolaptes angustirostris) with different gene arrangements were first determined. We also estimated how often duplication events occurred in Passeriformes and if the two CR copies demonstrate a pattern of concerted evolution in Sylvioidea. One tissue sample for each species was used to obtain the mitogenomes as a byproduct using next generation sequencing. The evolutionary history of mitogenome rearrangements was reconstructed mapping these characters onto a mitogenome Bayesian phylogenetic tree of Passeriformes. Finally, we performed a Bayesian analysis for both CRs from some Sylvioidea species in order to evaluate the evolutionary process involving these two copies. Both mitogenomes described comprise 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, 13 protein-codon genes and the CR. However, S. olivascens has 16,768 bp showing the ancestral avian arrangement, while L. angustirostris has 16,973 bp and the remnant CR2 arrangement. Both species showed the expected gene order compared to their closest relatives. The ancestral state reconstruction suggesting at least six independent duplication events followed by partial deletions or loss of one copy in some lineages. Our results also provide evidence that both CRs in some Sylvioidea species seem to be maintained in an apparently functional state, perhaps by concerted evolution, and that this mechanism may be important for the evolution of the bird mitogenome.Fil: Caparroz, Renato. Universidade do Brasília; BrasilFil: Rocha, Amanda V.. Universidade do Brasília; BrasilFil: Cabanne, Gustavo Sebastián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; ArgentinaFil: Tubaro, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; ArgentinaFil: Aleixo, Alexandre. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi; BrasilFil: Lemmon, Emily M.. Florida State University; Estados UnidosFil: Lemmon, Alan R.. Florida State University; Estados Unido

Phylogeographic variation within the Buff-browed Foliage-gleaner (Aves: Furnariidae: Syndactyla rufosuperciliata) supports an Andean-Atlantic forests connection via the Cerrado

We evaluated whether the Andean and the Atlantic forests acted as refugia during the Quaternary, and tested biogeographic hypotheses about the regions involved in the connectivity between those biomes (through the Chaco or the Cerrado). To achieve these goals we selected the Buff-browed Foliage-gleaner Syndactyla rufosuperciliata (Aves, Furnariidae) as a study system, a taxon distributed between the Andean and Atlantic forest. We first explored the historical connectivity between regions through niche modeling. We subsequently used DNA sequences (n = 71 individuals) and genomic analyses (ddRADseq, n = 33 individuals) to evaluate population genetic structure and gene flow within this species. Finally, we performed population model selection using Approximate Bayesian Computation. Our findings indicate that the Andean and the Atlantic forests acted as refugia, and that the populations of the focal species from both regions contacted through the Cerrado region, thus suggesting that the historical dynamics of Andean and Atlantic forests are important for the evolution of forest birds in the region. The results are in agreement with studies of other organisms and may indicate a more general pattern of connectivity among biomes in the Neotropics. Finally, we recommend recognizing both the Andean and the Altantic forests lineages of S. rufosuperciliata as independent species.Fil: Cabanne, Gustavo Sebastián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Campagna, Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina. Cornell University; Estados UnidosFil: Trujillo Arias, Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina. Universidad Industrial Santander; ColombiaFil: Naoki, Kazuya. Universidad Mayor de San Andrés; BoliviaFil: Gómez, Isabel. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural; BoliviaFil: Miyaki, Cristina Yumi. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Santos, Fabricio R.. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Dantas, Gisele. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Aleixo, Alexandre. Museu Paraense Emılio Goeldi; BrasilFil: Claramunt, Sebastian Manuel. American Museum of Natural History; Estados UnidosFil: Rocha, Amanda. Universidade do Brasília; BrasilFil: Caparroz, Renato. Universidade do Brasília; BrasilFil: Lovette, Irby J.. Cornell University; Estados UnidosFil: Tubaro, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentin

Effects of pre‐operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05-1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4-7 days or >= 8 days of 1.25 (1.04-1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11-1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care