108 research outputs found
The Golden City on the Edge: Economic Geography and Jihad over Centuries
This paper uncovers the evolution of cities and Islamist insurgencies, so
called jihad, in the process of the reversal of fortune over the centuries. In
West Africa, water access in ancient periods predicts the locations of the core
cities of inland trade routes -- the trans-Saharan caravan routes -- founded up
to the 1800s, when historical Islamic states played significant economic roles
before European colonization. In contrast, ancient water access does not have a
persistent influence on contemporary city formation and economic activities.
After European colonization and the invention of modern trading technologies,
along with the constant shrinking of water sources, landlocked pre-colonial
core cities contracted or became extinct. Employing an instrumental variable
strategy, we show that these deserted locations have today been replaced by
battlefields for jihadist organizations. We argue that the power relations
between Islamic states and the European military during the 19th century
colonial era shaped the persistence of jihadist ideology as a legacy of
colonization. Investigations into religious ideology related to jihadism, using
individual-level surveys from Muslims, support this mechanism. Moreover, the
concentration of jihadist violence in "past-core-and-present-periphery" areas
in West Africa is consistent with a global-scale phenomenon. Finally,
spillovers of violent events beyond these stylized locations are partly
explained by organizational heterogeneity among competing factions (Al Qaeda
and the Islamic State) over time
Fabrication of submicron LaSrCuO intrinsic Josephson junction stacks
Intrinsic Josephson junction (IJJ) stacks of cuprate superconductors have
potential to be implemented as intrinsic phase qubits working at relatively
high temperatures. We report success in fabricating submicron
LaSrCuO (LSCO) IJJ stacks carved out of single crystals. We
also show a new fabrication method in which argon ion etching is performed
after focused ion beam etching. As a result, we obtained an LSCO IJJ stack in
which resistive multi-branches appeared. It may be possible to control the
number of stacked IJJs with an accuracy of a single IJJ by developing this
method.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figure
Superconductivity at 27 K in tetragonal FeSe under high pressure
A huge enhancement of the superconducting transition temperature Tc was
observed in tetragonal FeSe superconductor under high pressure. The onset
temperature became as high as 27 K at 1.48 GPa and the pressure coefficient
showed a huge value of 9.1 K/GPa. The upper critical field Hc2 was estimated to
be ~ 72 T at 1.48 GPa. Because of the high Hc2, FeSe system may be a candidate
for application as superconducting wire rods. Moreover, the investigation of
superconductivity on simple structured FeSe may provide important clues to the
mechanism of superconductivity in iron-based superconductors.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure
Superconductivity in oxygen-annealed FeTe1-xSx single crystal
We investigated the S-doping-driven phase transition from antiferromagnetic
to superconducting in FeTe1-xSx single crystals. The partial substitution of Te
by S suppresses antiferromagnetism in Fe-square lattice. Superconductivity is
induced by oxygen annealing for only FeTe1-xSx in which the long-range magnetic
ordering is suppressed. To realize superconductivity in FeTe1-xSx, both S
concentration enough to suppress antiferromagnetism and oxygen annealing are
required. Anisotropy of superconductivity in oxygen-annealed FeTe0.886S0.114
was estimated to be 1.17.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figure
Mossbauer studies on FeSe and FeTe
We carried out 57Fe Mossbauer measurements for FeSe and Fe1.08Te to
investigate the magnetic properties. There was no sign of magnetic ordering
above 4.2 K for superconducting FeSe. The magnetic sextet corresponding to
antiferromagnetic ordering of Fe in low-spin state was observed for
non-superconducting Fe1.08Te.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, proceedings of M2S conferenc
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