Saline Irrigation using Ion-exchange Resin and Reverse Osmosis Membrane in Wheat and Barley

Saline irrigation equipped desaline apparatus in a root zone was tested to save fresh water resources. Pots of 56 mm inner-diameter and 40 cm in length were used. Amberlite (ion-exchange resin) and reverse osmosis membrane, both of which had a desalinating ability, were set at the bottom of each pot in desaline plots, respectively. In the control plot, a lovesheet (non-woven cloth) that had no ability to desaline was set. Wheat and barley were transplanted into these pots, which were filled with soil, and the pots were irrigated through the bottom either by fresh or saline water. The two crops responded to desaline methods and irrigation similarly. Growth and development in the two crops were suppressed largely by saline irrigation in the control plot. Amberlite did not affect the growth and development under fresh water irrigation. Shoot dry weight was increased by amberlite under saline irrigation, but the final values of sodium concentration of shoot and soil was not affected. The sodium concentration was reduced by reverse osmosis membrane, whereas the growth and development were suppressed under both fresh and saline irrigations. Amberlite and reverse osmosis membrane improved the growth and development and sodium concentration, but it should be a challenge to improve desaline ability of amberlite and water permeability of reverse osmosis membrane.塩水を農業用水として利用し淡水資源を節約するために，根域に除塩処理を施す塩水灌漑法を検討した．内径56㎜，長さ40㎝の塩ビ製のポットを用いた．ポットの底部には除塩効果があるアンバーライト（イオン交換樹脂）および逆浸透膜を設置する区と除塩効果がないラブシート（不織布）を設置する対照区を設けた．そしてポットに土壌を詰めコムギとオオムギを移植し，ポットの底から淡水および塩水で灌漑した．脱塩処理および灌漑に対する反応は２作物で同じであった．対照区では塩水灌漑によって生育が著しく抑制された．アンバーライト区で作物の生育は，淡水灌漑で対照区と変わらなかった．塩水灌漑ではアンバーライトによって乾物生産が対照区より向上したが，最終的な茎葉部と土壌のナトリウム含有率は対照区と変わらなかった．逆浸透膜は茎葉部と土壌のナトリウム濃度を低下させた．しかし逆浸透膜によって作物の生育は，淡水および塩水の二つの灌漑条件で対照区より著しく小さくなった．アンバーライトと逆浸透膜はともに除塩効果があった．しかし，アンバーライトは塩水処理能力の限界があること，逆浸透膜は水の移動が阻害されることが解決しなければならない課題であることが分かった

The Samvarodaya-tantra : selected chapters

This work contains nineteen chapters selected from the total thirty-three chapters of the Samvarodaya-tantra; some chapters have been omitted because it was impossible to arrive at an adequate reconstruction of the Sanskrit text; other chapters have been omitted because I was not interested in their contents. Since it is our aim to prepare a Sanskrit text to serve as basic material for the future study of tantric Buddhism, it is preferable to present all the chapters of this tantra; but the limitation of time and my own lack of ability made this impossible at present; I hope to complete the task in the future. This present work does not contain a chronological study of this tantra. The one and only item of internal evidence for the. date of this tantra that we have acquired so far is found in chapter six. This chapter contains several verses which also occur in the vajrajipa-krama of the Pancakrama of Nagarjuna; if we compare chapter six of our text with the vajrajapa-krama, it becomes immediately evident that these verses are borrowed from the Pancakrama but not otherwise. This evidence alone shows already that this tantra cannot be earlier than the late eighth century. We plan to accumulate further evidence and to establish the mutual relationship and chronological sequence of the tantras of the Samvara literature. I chose this Samvarodaya-tantra as the subject of my Ph.D. thesis when I was awarded a scholarship from the Australian National University. For a number of reasons I thought that the task of editing this tantra would provide basic training in Sanskrit philology, since enough manuscripts were available; I could have chosen almost any other tantra, since there are as yet few critical editions. At that time, I knew little about the Samvara literature; I simply imagined the Samvarodaya-tantra to be an important text; now I am convinced that this surmise was not wrong Having come to the end ·of my Ph. D. course, I wish to acknowledge my great debt of gratitude to Professor J.W. de Jong of the Department of South Asian and Buddhist Studies, School of General Studies, to Professor A,L, Basham of the Department of Asian Civilizations, School of General Studies, and to Mrs. L.A. Hercus, Senior Lecturer in the Department of South Asian and Buddhist Studies. It was only through the kindness and the tenacious efforts of Professor de Jong that a Ph. D. scholarship was awarded to me, since I was not competent in the English language. As a supervisor, he very patiently guided me, as I was insufficiently trained in the Sanskrit language; every detail of my thesis has received his supervision. Professor Basham very kindly supervised me during the sabbatical leave of Professor de Jong; he corrected every line of my translation of chapter thirteen of the Samvarodaya and rendered it in his own excellent style; he thus provided me with a model translation which I attempted to imitate in other chapters. Without the guidance and assistance that I have received I would not have been able to complete this present work. I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to the School of General Studies in the Australian National University, to the Library of the Institute of Advanced Studies in the Australian National University, and to the National Library of Australia

Phase Structure of Four-dimensional Simplicial Quantum Gravity with a U(1) Gauge Field

The phase structure of four-dimensional simplicial quantum gravity coupled to U(1) gauge fields has been studied using Monte-Carlo simulations. The smooth phase is found in the intermediate region between the crumpled phase and the branched polymer phase. This new phase has a negative string susceptibility exponent, even if the number of vector fields (Nv) is 1. The phase transition between the crumpled phase and the smooth phase has been studied by a finite size scaling method. From the numerical results, we expect that this model (coupled to one gauge field) has a higher order phase transition than first order, which means the possibility to take the continuum limit at the critical point. Furthermore, we consider a modification of the balls-in-boxes model for a clear understanding of the relation between the numerical results and the analytical one.Comment: 18 pages, latex, 6 figures, uses psfig.st

Solvent-dependent conformation of a regioselective amylose carbamate: Amylose-2-acetyl-3,6-bis(phenylcarbamate)

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Maiko Tsuda, Ken Terao, Shinichi Kitamura, Takahiro Sato, “Solvent-dependent conformation of a regioselective amylose carbamate: Amylose-2-acetyl-3,6-bis(phenylcarbamate)”, Biopolymers, Volume 97, Issue 12, pages 1010–1017, December 2012, which has been published in final form at DOI: 10.1002/bip.22118. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving

Effects of the increase in co-payments from 20 to 30 percent on the compliance rate of patients with hypertension or diabetes mellitus in the Employed Health Insurance System

Objectives: How to contain medical expenditures is a universal problem. The Japanese government has increased patient co-payments to control it. The purpose of this study is to clarify whether the increase in co-payments to 30 percent prevented patients with hypertension or diabetes mellitus from receiving necessary care in the Employee Health Insurance System. Methods: The subjects were 211 patients with hypertension and 66 patients with diabetes mellitus who regularly visited physicians from October 2001 to March 2002 and were defined as a cohort that needed health care, and their medical indicators were examined between April and September 2002 (prestage) and between April and September 2003 (poststage). Results: In the hypertensive patients with no complications, the compliance rate was 89.9 percent and 88.0 percent in the prestage, and poststage, respectively, showing no significant change. In the hypertensive patients with complications, the compliance rate was 90.5 percent and 92.1 percent in the prestage and poststage, respectively, showing no significant change. In the diabetic patients with complications, the compliance rate was 77.5 percent and 79.2 percent, in the prestage and poststage, respectively, with no significant change. In the diabetic patients with no complications, however, the compliance rate was 83.7 percent and 66.7 percent, in the prestage and poststage, respectively. A significant decrease was observed among diabetic patients without complications. Conclusions: Increasing co-payments reduced necessary preventive care in diabetic patients without complications.</p

Solvent-Dependent Conformation of Amylose Tris(Phenylcarbamate) as Deduced from Scattering and Viscosity Data

The z-average mean-square radius of gyration 〈S^2〉_z, the particle scattering function P(k), the second virial coefficient, and the intrinsic viscosity [η] have been determined for amylose tris(phenylcarbamate) (ATPC) in methyl acetate (MEA) at 25°C, in ethyl acetate (EA) at 33°C, and in 4-methyl-2-pentanone (MIBK) at 25°C by light and small-angle X-ray scattering and viscometry as functions of the weight-average molecular weight in a range from 2 × 10^4 to 3 × 10^6. The first two solvents attain the theta state, whereas the last one is a good solvent for the amylose derivative. Analysis of the 〈S^2〉_z, P(k), and [η] data based on the wormlike chain yields h (the contour length or helix pitch per repeating unit) = 0.37 ± 0.02 and λ^ (the Kuhn segment length) = 15 ± 2 nm in MEA, h = 0.39 ± 0.02 and λ^ = 17 ± 2 nm in EA, and h = 0.42 ± 0.02 nm and λ^ = 24 ± 2 nm in MIBK. These h values, comparable with the helix pitches (0.37–0.40 nm) per residue of amylose triesters in the crystalline state, are somewhat larger than the previously determined h of 0.33 ± 0.02 nm for ATPC in 1,4-dioxane and 2-ethoxyethanol, in which intramolecular hydrogen bonds are formed between the C[DOUBLE BOND]O and NH groups of the neighbor repeating units. The slightly extended helices of ATPC in the ketone and ester solvents are most likely due to the replacement of those hydrogen bonds by intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the NH groups of the polymer and the carbonyl groups of the solvent.This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Taichi Fujii1, Ken Terao, Maiko Tsuda, Shinichi Kitamura, Takashi Norisuye, “Solvent-dependent conformation of amylose tris(phenylcarbamate) as deduced from scattering and viscosity data”, Biopolymers, Volume 91, Issue 9, pages 729–736, September 2009, which has been published in final form at DOI: 10.1002/bip.21219. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving

Solution Properties of Amylose Tris(Phenylcarbamate) : Local Conformation and Chain Stiffness in 1,4-Dioxane and 2-Ethoxyethanol

Light and small-angle X-ray scattering, sedimentation equilibrium, viscosity, circular dichroism, and infrared absorption measurements have been made on 1,4-dioxane (DIOX) and 2-ethoxyethanol (2EE) solutions of seven amylose tris(phenylcarbamate) samples ranging in molecular weight from 2 x 10^4 to 3 x 10^6. Analyses of gyration radius, scattering function, and intrinsic viscosity data in terms of the wormlike chain model yield Kuhn segment lengths of 22 ± 2 nm and 16 ± 2nm in DIOX and 2EE, respectively, and a contour length per residue of 0.33 ± 0.02 nm in both, showing that the amylose derivative chain has high stiffness and a contour length slightly shorter than the known value 0.37-0.40 nm for amylosetriesters in the crystalline state. These results are consistent with the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the C=0 and NH groups of the neighbor repeating units detected by infrared absorption and also with the locally regular (or helical) conformation indicated by circular dichroism