Investigation of Factors Influencing the Technical Efficiency of Agricultural Producers Participating in Farm Credit Programs: The Case of Greece

This study investigates a number of factors influencing technical efficiency of Greek farms participating in the 1994 European Union (EU) farm credit program. Technical efficiency measures are obtained within the framework of a parametric stochastic frontier. Factors showing a positive effect on technical efficiency are value of liabilities, number of hours of mechanical operation, large land size, and rental land, whereas those showing a negative effect are value of EU product subsidies, value of off-farm family income, and hired labor. The value of investments incurred by farms because of their participation in the 1994 farm credit program does not show any significant effect on technical efficiency. The predicted levels of technical efficiency indicate that the average technical efficiency of farms 3 years after participating in the 1994 farm credit program is lower than the average technical efficiency of the same farms the year before participating in the program. Thus, the program has failed to increase the efficiency of farms

Measuring technical efficiency in the Greek agricultural sector

This paper measures the degree of technical efficiency of Greek farms at discrete points in time. Stochastic frontier production functions are estimated from four annual Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) surveys of the 1992–1995 period. From the results, a measure of technical efficiency is calculated for each farm for each year. The four distributions of technical efficiency values are examined and compared. All four samples show a wide range of farm-specific technical efficiency but efficiency is improving over the period. The paper also presents frontier estimates for small and large farms classified according to economic size. In that case, technical efficiency measures are calculated and their distributions are examined and compared. The results show that large farms are more efficient than small farms. However, efficiency is improving in both size farms over the period. In general, the results of this study indicate that there is substantial scope for improving technical efficiency of Greek farms.

Investigation of Factors Influencing the Technical Efficiency of Agricultural Producers Participating in Farm Credit Programs: The Case of Greece

This study investigates a number of factors influencing technical efficiency of Greek farms participating in the 1994 European Union (EU) farm credit program. Technical efficiency measures are obtained within the framework of a parametric stochastic frontier. Factors showing a positive effect on technical efficiency are value of liabilities, number of hours of mechanical operation, large land size, and rental land, whereas those showing a negative effect are value of EU product subsidies, value of off-farm family income, and hired labor. The value of investments incurred by farms because of their participation in the 1994 farm credit program does not show any significant effect on technical efficiency. The predicted levels of technical efficiency indicate that the average technical efficiency of farms 3 years after participating in the 1994 farm credit program is lower than the average technical efficiency of the same farms the year before participating in the program. Thus, the program has failed to increase the efficiency of farms.farm credit program, stochastic frontier, technical efficiency, Q10, Q12, Q16, Q19,

Plasma induced degradation and surface electronic structure modification of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) films

Plasma treatment is an environmentally friendly solution for modifying or nanostructuring the surface of several materials including photoactive polymers. The detailed characterization of the effect of plasma treatment on chemical and optoelectronic properties of photoactive polymers is, therefore, of specific interest. Herein, the effect of the exposure of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin films to plasma created in three different gases (oxygen, argon and hydrogen) was studied. A range of spectroscopic techniques, such as x-ray (XPS) and ultraviolet (UPS) photoelectron spectroscopy in conjunction with UV–vis absorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies, are employed to quantify the extent of chemical modification occurring in each particular case. It is shown that oxygen plasma treatment leads to the disruption of the π-conjugation via the direct oxidation of the sulfur atom of the thiophene ring while the aliphatic side chain remains nearly unaffected. An oxidation mechanism is proposed according to which the sulfur atom of the thiophene ring is oxidized into sulfoxides and sulfones, which subsequently degraded into sulfonates or sulfonic acids in a relatively small degree. For argon and hydrogen plasma treatments some oxidation products are detected only at the polymer surface. In all cases the polymer surface Fermi level is shifted closer to the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy after plasma treatment indicating p-type doping arising from surface oxidation.</p