НЮАНСИ, АМБИЦИИ И ЗАПЛАХИ В ТОТАЛИТАРНАТА РЕТОРИКА НА КИМ ЧЕН УН

Totalitarian propaganda – with its typical examples in National Socialism and Soviet communism – aims to build consensus between the political leadership and the masses that they govern. From this point of view, totalitarian propaganda should be examined as a particular type of political communication, which has the features and analytical characteristics of discourse. However, the discourse analysis approach in the research presents only one of all possible ways of operationalizing the theoretical concept of propaganda. As this article attempts to show, the main theoretical idea around which the concept of propaganda is built is based on "collective identity". Therefore, propaganda can be defined as "a strategically planned attempt to construct, introduce and disseminate a specific collective identity, in combination with the use of various forms of pressure and even violence". As an example, the authors deal with one of Kim Jong Un's recent speeches at the opening of a commemorative exhibition dedicated to the development of the North Korean defense "Self-Defense 2021", which has all the communicative characteristics inherent in totalitarian propaganda – calls for the nation to unite around symbolic events and dates, building images of ideological enemies in the face of the US and South Korea, pressure on the masses to increase their efforts to deal with its enemies, convincing people to expand their collective identity as fighters for their freedom, opposing the "decadent" western culture, identification of the individual with the collective “whole” in the face of the ruling party, mixing the functions of the party and the state, etc. Highlighting these "dimensions of propaganda" is reduced to various levels of communication, some of which relate to the ways of communication, while others are pertinent to the content of the propaganda ideas themselves, but in any case, they are indicative of the image and ambitions of the Supreme Leader

Role of the EMA specific marketing authorization procedures for early access on the time to patient access in Bulgaria

Despite the early access procedures for marketing authorization (MA) valid throughout the European Union still in the most of the Member states patient access to innovative medicines depends on cost-effectiveness, budget impact assessment and negotiations for price discount with the public payers. Retrospective analysis on the availability and time to market access of medicines authorized under the European medicines agency’s specific procedures for early access shows that despite the shortening of the time to market access after 2013, for most medicines still exceeds 365 days. This is due to the fact that requirements for pricing and reimbursement across EU is fixed to some degree and medicines with MA for early access are subject to the same legal requirements as the medicines with standard centralized marketing authorization. Some specific national legal requirements for pricing and reimbursement decisions, population of interest and manufactures intentions to enter certain markets should also be considered