30 research outputs found
Hydrological, Sedimentological, and Meteorological Observations and Analysis on the Sagavanirktok River
The Dalton Highway near Deadhorse was closed twice during late March and early April 2015
because of extensive overflow from the Sagavanirktok River that flowed over the highway. That
spring, researchers from the Water and Environmental Research Center at the University of
Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) monitored the river conditions during breakup, which was characterized
by unprecedented flooding that overtopped and consequently destroyed several sections of the
Dalton Highway near Deadhorse. The UAF research team has monitored breakup conditions at
the Sagavanirktok River since that time. Given the magnitude of the 2015 flooding, the Alyeska
Pipeline Service Company started a long-term monitoring program within the river basin. In
addition, the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (ADOT&PF) funded a
multiyear project related to sediment transport conditions along the Sagavanirktok River. The
general objectives of these projects include determining ice elevations, identifying possible water
sources, establishing surface hydro-meteorological conditions prior to breakup, measuring
hydro-sedimentological conditions during breakup and summer, and reviewing historical
imagery of the aufeis extent. In the present report, we focus on new data and analyze it in the
context of previous data.
We calculated and compared ice thickness near Franklin Bluffs for 2015, 2016, and 2017, and
found that, in general, ice thickness during both 2015 and 2016 was greater than in 2017 across
most of the study area. Results from a stable isotope analysis indicate that winter overflow,
which forms the aufeis in the river area near Franklin Bluffs, has similar isotopic characteristics
to water flowing from mountain springs.
End-of-winter snow surveys (in 2016/2017) within the watershed indicate that the average snow
water equivalent was similar to what we observed in winter 2015/2016. Air temperatures in May
2017 were low on the Alaska North Slope, which caused a long and gradual breakup, with peak
flows occurring in early June, compared with mid-May in both 2015 and 2016. Maximum
discharge measured at the East Bank station, near Franklin Bluffs was 750 m3/s (26,485 ft3/s) on
May 30, 2017, while the maximum measured flow was 1560 m3/s (55,090 ft3/s) at the same
station on May 20, 2015. Available cumulative rainfall data indicate that 2016 was wetter than
2017.
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In September 2015, seven dry and wet pits were dug near the hydro-sedimentological monitoring
stations along the Sagavanirktok River study reach. The average grain-size of the sediment of
exposed gravel bars at sites located upstream of the Ivishak-Sagavanirktok confluence show
relatively constant values. Grain size becomes finer downstream of the confluence.
We conducted monthly topo-bathymetric surveys during the summer months of 2016 and 2017
in each pit. Sediment deposition and erosion was observed in each of the pits. Calculated
sedimentation volumes in each pit show the influence of the Ivishak River in the bed sedimenttransport
capacity of the Sagavanirktok River. In addition, comparison between dry and wet pit
sedimentation volumes in some of the stations proves the complexity of a braided river, which is
characterized by frequent channel shifting
A two-dimensional hydraulic model is being implemented for a material site. The model will be
used to estimate the required sediment refill time based on different river conditions.ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... i
LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................... i
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... xiv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DISCLAIMER ........................................................................ xvi
CONVERSION FACTORS, UNITS, WATER QUALITY UNITS, VERTICAL AND
HORIZONTAL DATUM, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS .......................................... xvii
ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND SYMBOLS .............................................................. xix
1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1
2 STUDY AREA ........................................................................................................................ 2
2.1 Sagavanirktok River near MP318 Site 066 (DSS4) ......................................................... 7
2.2 Sagavanirktok River at Happy Valley Site 005 (DSS3) .................................................. 7
2.3 Sagavanirktok River below the Confluence with the Ivishak River (DSS2) ................... 9
2.4 Sagavanirktok River near MP405 Site 042 (DSS1) ....................................................... 10
3 METHODOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT .............................................................................. 13
3.1 Pits .................................................................................................................................. 13
3.1.1 Excavation............................................................................................................... 13
3.1.2 Surveying ................................................................................................................ 14
3.2 Surface Meteorology ...................................................................................................... 15
3.3 Aufeis Extent .................................................................................................................. 17
3.3.1 Field Methods ......................................................................................................... 18
3.3.2 Imagery ................................................................................................................... 18
3.4 Water Level Measurements ............................................................................................ 19
3.5 Runoff............................................................................................................................. 20
3.6 Suspended Sediment ...................................................................................................... 21
3.7 Turbidity ......................................................................................................................... 22
3.8 Stable Isotopes................................................................................................................ 22
4 RESULTS .............................................................................................................................. 23
4.1 Meteorology ................................................................................................................... 23
4.1.1 Air Temperature ...................................................................................................... 23
4.1.2 Precipitation ............................................................................................................ 31
4.1.2.1 Cold Season Precipitation ................................................................................ 31
4.1.2.2 Warm Season Precipitation ............................................................................. 36
4.1.3 Wind Speed and Direction ...................................................................................... 39
iv
4.2 Aufeis Extent .................................................................................................................. 40
4.2.1 Historical Aufeis at Franklin Bluffs ........................................................................ 41
4.2.2 Delineating Ice Surface Elevation with GPS and Aerial Imagery .......................... 45
4.3 Surface Water Hydrology ............................................................................................... 52
4.3.1 Sagavanirktok River at MP318 (DSS4) .................................................................. 58
4.3.2 Sagavanirktok River at Happy Valley (DSS3) ....................................................... 61
4.3.3 Sagavanirktok River near MP347 (ASS1) .............................................................. 65
4.3.4 Sagavanirktok River below the Ivishak River (DSS2) ........................................... 66
4.3.5 Sagavanirktok River at East Bank (DSS5) near Franklin Bluffs ............................ 70
4.3.6 Sagavanirktok River at MP405 (DSS1) West Channel .......................................... 78
4.3.7 Additional Field Observations ................................................................................ 82
4.3.8 Preliminary Rating Curves and Estimated Discharge ............................................. 85
4.4 Stable Isotopes................................................................................................................ 86
4.5 Sediment Grain Size Distribution .................................................................................. 90
4.5.1 Streambed Sediment Grain Size Distribution ......................................................... 90
4.5.2 Suspended Sediment Grain Size Distribution ......................................................... 94
4.6 Suspended Sediment Concentration ............................................................................... 95
4.6.1 Sagavanirktok River near MP318 (DSS4) .............................................................. 95
4.6.2 Sagavanirktok River at Happy Valley (DSS3) ..................................................... 100
4.6.3 Sagavanirktok River below the Ivishak River (DSS2) ......................................... 105
4.6.4 Sagavanirktok River near MP405 (DSS1) ............................................................ 111
4.6.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................. 114
4.7 Turbidity ....................................................................................................................... 116
4.7.1 Sagavanirktok River near MP318 (DSS4) ............................................................ 116
4.7.2 Sagavanirktok River at Happy Valley (DSS3) ..................................................... 119
4.7.3 Sagavanirktok River below the Ivishak (DSS2) ................................................... 124
4.7.4 Sagavanirktok River near MP405 (DSS1) ............................................................ 126
4.7.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................. 130
4.8 Analysis of Pits............................................................................................................. 130
4.8.1 Photographs of Pits ............................................................................................... 130
4.8.2 GIS Analysis of Pit Bathymetry ........................................................................... 141
4.8.3 Pit Sedimentation .................................................................................................. 142
4.8.4 Erosion Surveys .................................................................................................... 149
4.8.5 Patterns of Sediment Transport Along the River .................................................. 156
v
4.9 Hydraulic Modeling ..................................................................................................... 158
4.9.1 Model Development .............................................................................................. 160
4.9.2 Results of Simulation ............................................................................................ 165
5 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................. 171
6 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 174
7 APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................... 18
Control of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Is Not Dependent on ADCC Mediating Antibodies
AbstractHorses infected with equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) have recurrent episodes of viremia which are eventually controlled, but the immune mechanisms have not been identified. Antibodies were detected to the surface of EIAV-infected cells within 1 month postinfection and remained for at least 3.5 years postinfection. These antibodies recognized cell surface-exposed envelope (Env) glycoproteins, but could not mediate antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) using EIAV-WSU5-infected equine kidney (EK) cells as targets and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) as effector cells. Furthermore, purified IgG antibodies from horses infected with either EIAV-WSU5 or EIAV-Wyo did not mediate ADCC of infected target cells. Armed effector cells could not be detected in infected horse blood nor could effector cells be prearmed by incubation with serum antibodies to cell surface antigens. The use of EIAV-WSU5-infected equine macrophages as target cells did not result in ADCC. In contrast, serum antibody from EHV-1 vaccinated horses and PBMC or PMN as effector cells caused ADCC of EHV-1-infected EK cells. These results indicate that ADCC is not involved in the control of EIAV in carrier horses
Studies of the Irradiation Protection Effect of Fetal Liver in Mice. II. Storage by Freezing
Controlled evaluation of three drug combination regimens versus fluorouracil alone for the therapy of advanced gastric cancer. North Central Cancer Treatment Group.
Biochemical modulation of fluorouracil with leucovorin: confirmatory evidence of improved therapeutic efficacy in advanced colorectal cancer.
Gemcitabine, 5-Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin in Advanced Biliary Tract and Gallbladder Carcinoma: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group Phase II Trial
BACKGROUND:
Gemcitabine has broad activity in a variety of solid tumors including biliary tract carcinomas. The authors evaluated 6-month survival, response, and toxicity associated with a combination of gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and leucovorin (LV) in patients with unresectable or metastatic biliary tract or gallbladder adenocarcinoma (ACA). METHODS:
A 4-week course included 1000 mg/m2 gemcitabine by intravenous infusion over 30 minutes on Days 1, 8, and 15, 25 mg/m2 LV by intravenous push, and 600 mg/m2 5-FU by intravenous push after LV. RESULTS:
Forty-two patients were enrolled in 6 months, 35 of whom had metastatic disease. Patients with biliary tract ACA included 24 with hepatic disease (19 patients had intrahepatic disease and 5 patients had extrahepatic disease) and 4 with disease in the ampulla of Vater. All patients were evaluable and received a median of 4 courses of treatment (range, 1-21 courses). Commonly occurring severe toxicity (NCI CTC Grade 3 or worse) included: dyspnea (four patients), nausea (four patients), fatigue (seven patients), thrombocytopenia (six patients), emesis (four patients), and diarrhea (four patients). Five partial responses (9.5%) occurred, 3 of which were sustained for \u3e or = 8 weeks. No treatment-related deaths occurred. Thirty-two patients had disease progression and 38 died after a median follow-up of 20 months (range, 1.4-24 months). The median time to disease progression was 4.6 months (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.4-6.6%). The median survival period was 9.7 months (95% CI, 7-12%). CONCLUSIONS:
This combination regimen was manageable in patients with advanced biliary tract and gallbladder ACA. Of 42 patients, 24 (57%) survived \u3e or = 6 months, satisfying the primary end point of the trial. The length of survival suggested that gemcitabine, 5-FU, and LV had benefit equivalent to gemcitabine alone
Phase III trial of recombinant interferon gamma in complete responders with small-cell lung cancer.
Phase III comparative evaluation of PCNU and carmustine combined with radiation therapy for high-grade glioma.
Combined Levamisole with Recombinant Interleukin-2 (IL-2) in Patients with Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Phase II Study.
Adoptive immunotherapy (AI) with interleukin-2 (IL-2) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells is an antineoplastic modality in which immune-activated cells are administered to a host having cancer in an attempt to mediate tumor regression. Levamisole (LEV), an immune stimulant, has been suggested as having therapeutic effectiveness in a variety of cancers. After a phase I trial of recombinant IL-2 plus LEV, a phase II trial of this combination was conducted in patients who had advanced renal cell carcinoma. The regimen was IL-2 at 3 x 10(6) U/m2 daily x 5 plus LEV at 50 mg/m2 perorally three times a day x 5. Only one of the 22 eligible patients had a regression. It was a partial regression, 85 days in duration. The median time to treatment failure (refusal, progression, or off study because of toxicity) was 36 days. The only grade 4 toxicity reported was lethargy. This regimen is not recommended for further testing in patients who have advanced renal cell carcinoma