Is Excision of Radial Scars Identified on CNB Necessary?

Introduction: Quantifying the risk of upgrade to malignancy with radial scars has been an ongoing challenge, as the published upgrade rate varies widely from 0-40%, making management strategy controversial. The lack of consensus on optimal management highlights the need for further analysis. We sought to identify our institutional upgrade rate of radial scar identified on core needle biopsy (CNB). Methods: A retrospective review of pathology and radiology databases was performed to identify radial scars found on CNB. We excluded patients with malignancy associated with radial scar and those who did not undergo surgical excision. The upgrade rates to malignancy or other atypia on surgical excision were then evaluated. Results: We identified 127 patients with radial scar on CNB, of which 75 patients were excluded, leaving 52 patients for analysis. Of these, 4 of 52 (7.7%) patients had an upgrade to malignancy upon excision. Eight patients had additional atypia with radial scar on CNB, two of which upgraded to malignancy on excision. The rate of malignancy upgrade for isolated radial scar was 2 of 44 (4.5%). Of the 44 patients with isolated radial scar, 15 (34%) were found to have additional atypia on excision. Discussion: Although the upgrade rate to malignancy was only 4.5%, there was a substantial upgrade rate of isolated radial scar to additional atypia which can alter subsequent management. Additionally, 25% of radial scars with atypia upgraded to malignancy. Thus, careful consideration should be given to surgical excision of CNB showing radial scar with and without atypia

Analysis of genome-wide DNA arrays reveals the genomic population structure and diversity in autochthonous Greek goat breeds

Goats play an important role in the livestock sector in Greece. The national herd consists mainly of two indigenous breeds, the Eghoria and Skopelos. Here, we report the population structure and genomic profiles of these two native goat breeds using Illumina's Goat SNP50 BeadChip. Moreover, we present a panel of candidate markers acquired using different genetic models for breed discrimination. Quality control on the initial dataset resulted in 48,841 SNPs kept for downstream analysis. Principal component and admixture analyses were applied to assess population structure. The rate of inbreeding within breed was evaluated based on the distribution of runs of homozygosity in the genome and respective coefficients, the genomic relationship matrix, the patterns of linkage disequilibrium, and the historic effective population size. Results showed that both breeds exhibit high levels of genetic diversity. Level of inbreeding between the two breeds estimated by the Wright's fixation index FST was low (Fst = 0.04362), indicating the existence of a weak genetic differentiation between them. In addition, grouping of farms according to their geographical locations was observed. This study presents for the first time a genome-based analysis on the genetic structure of the two indigenous Greek goat breeds and identifies markers that can be potentially exploited in future selective breeding programs for traceability purposes, targeted genetic improvement schemes and conservation strategies