16 research outputs found
Characterizing Markets for Biopharmaceutical Innovations: Do Biologics Differ from Small Molecules?
Much has been written about the seemingly less formal, more agile biotechnology industry and its extensive interactions with academia and startups, as well as its distinct scientific, manufacturing and regulatory profile. Employing a data base encompassing all 96 biologics and 212 small molecules newly launched in the U.S. between 1998Q1 and 2008Q4, we compare their downstream clinical and commercial characteristics -- therapeutic class concentration, launch delays following approval, Orphan Drug and priority review status, supplemental indications, black box warning and safety record, and pricing and revenue growth during the product life cycle. We conclude that the market dynamics of biologics differ substantially from those of small molecules, although therapeutic class composition plays a major role.
Investigating investment in biopharmaceutical R&D
Recent studies have highlighted a reduction in projected financial returns associated with biopharmaceutical R&D, owing to decreased productivity, increases in costs and flattening revenue per new drug, prompting calls for dramatic revisions to R&D models. On the basis of previous financial modelling, the simplest hypothesis would be that new investment in such R&D should be minimal and focused on biologics in preference to small molecules, as the internal rate of return on investment for biologics projects has been reported to be higher (Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 8, 609β610; 2009).
We sought to discern how investors have been acting in recent years, and so examined investment trends in nascent public biopharmaceutical companies located in the United States by constructing a database of such companies that had US initial public offerings (IPOs) between 2010 and 2014 (see Supplementary information S1 (box) for details). We then analysed the characteristics of the 113 companies that met our inclusion criteria, including their corporate strategy and therapeutic modality focus. Here, we present the key findings from this analysis and discuss its implications based on our own financial modelling.United States. National Institutes of Health (NIANIH/R01AG043560
ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 2017)
ΠΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΡΠ° Π‘Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ Β«ΠΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ«Π ΠΠ£ΠΠ«ΠΠΠΠ¬ΠΠ«Π ΠΠΠΠΠ£Π Π‘ Π Π€ΠΠ ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ Π‘Π’Π ΠΠΠ« ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ― (ΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ Π ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ―-2017)Β» Π. ΡΡΠΊ. - ΠΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΠ»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π°, Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΊ, Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ: ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°-ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ . Π Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ-ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ-ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π° Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ PR ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ-ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ-Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ PR ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ: ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡΠ° (Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΠΈΠ΅Π²Π΅ Π² 2017 Π³.). ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ: ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ PR-ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ: Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ: ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈΠ½Π³Ρ, Π±ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π³Ρ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ-ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ; ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ; ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°; ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ; Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±Π°Π·Π°: Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Ρ Π. ΠΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ, Π. ΠΠ°Π²ΡΡ, Π. ΠΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π°, Π. ΠΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°, Π. ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, Π£. Π₯Π°Π»ΡΡΠ±Π°ΡΡΠ°, ΠΠΆ. ΠΠΎΠ»Π΄Π±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ° Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Ρ Π. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π° ΠΎ ΠΌΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅, Π. ΠΠΆΠΎΡΠ΄Π°Π½Π° ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ. ΠΠΌΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±Π°Π·Π°: PR-Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·Π°; Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ± Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π² Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π‘ΠΠ, ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² Π±Π°Π·Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠ° Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ Β«OkoΒ»; Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°Π·Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π‘ΠΠ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ° Factiva; Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Google.Analytics. ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ: ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΆ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ. Π’Π΅Π·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠ΅ Β«ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ° Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅. 57-Π΅ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ», ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π² Π±Π°Π·Π΅ Π ΠΠΠ¦. Π‘ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ: Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, 3 Π³Π»Π°Π²: Β«ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΒ», Β«ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·Π°Β» ΠΈ Β«ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΒ», Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· 67 ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ 12 ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ 76 ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ.Abstract of graduating qualification thesis Mikita Arlou INTERNATIONAL MUSIC CONTEST IN HOST COUNTRY IMAGE FORMATION (ON THE EXAMPLE OF EUROVISION 2017) Supervisor associate professor Elena Bykova, doctor of philology Department of PR in business full-time study Relevance: the international music contest Eurovision as the most wide scale regular high tech TV and Media event which annually emphasizes audience attention on national cultural features of the host country, forms tourist flows which have huge influence on territorial image formation. Besides the win of a participating in the Eurovision country often shows the ideological and political European vector and in fact serves as political PR of the winning or host country. Consequently the analysis of applied communication technologies is relevant and in-demand for event PR. Research object: communication activities of international music contest (on the example of Eurovision in Kyiv in 2017). Research subject: function of status PR event in country image formation. The aim of research: to prove that international music contest Eurovision contributes host country image formation. The tasks of research: to develop research terminology based on scientific literature on image making, branding and event management; to define actual communication technologies applied in special PR events on country image formation; to describe European Broadcasting Union role in host country image formation; to appreciate effectiveness of applied communication technologies on host country image formation in Eurovision; to give recommendations for host country image formation with the help of Eurovision. Theoretical base: scientific works written by E. Bykova, D. Gavra, A. Pankrukhin, B. Jenes, E. Kaverina, U. Halcbaur, J. Goldblatt and D. PassmanΒ΄s works on music business and P. Jordan on county image building with the help of Eurovision, etc. The empirical base: PR documents from official Eurovision and European Broadcasting Union websites; more than 1.5 million articles on Ukraine in European media stored in the base of international Ukrainian image monitoring project Oko; content of the mass media and social media base Factiva; Google.Analytics data. Practical significance: the research proves that international music contest Eurovision is relevant for the host country image formation independently of the success level of applied country image formation communication technologies. Approbation: General positions of current thesis were aprobated on international scientific forum Media in modern world and were published at the collection of articles of the forum and have the status of a scientific article posted in the RINC database. Thesis structure: Research consists of introduction, 3 chapters: Special event function in country image formation, Eurovision as EBU special event and communication potential of Eurovision as a platform for image formation; conclusion, literature list from 67 positions and 12 attachments. The total volume is 76 pages
Characterizing Markets for Biopharmaceutical Innovations: Do Biologics Differ from Small Molecules?
While much has been written about the distinctions between biologics and small molecules
in terms of their scientific, manufacturing and regulatory experiences, relatively little has been
published comparing their clinical and commercial experiences. Employing a data base encompassing
all 96 biologics and 212 small molecules newly launched in the U.S. between 1998Q1
and 2008Q4, we compare their downstream clinical and commercial characteristics. Substantial
heterogeneity occurs across therapeutic classes. Biologics are more concentrated than small
molecules in their therapeutic class composition, but have obtained FDA indication approvals in
13 of 15 classes. While average delays between FDA approval and first observed sales revenues
are similar, biologics are twice as likely as small molecules to be Orphan Drugs, are slightly more
likely to be designated FDA priority rather than standard review status, and gain slightly more
supplemental indication approvals. Although 9.4% of new small molecules permanently exited
the market for a variety of reasons, 7.3% of new biologics exited, but 26% of biologics had black
box warnings compared to 20% of small molecules. Both biologics and small molecules take
21-22 quarters from launch to reach $100 million in real revenues. Small molecules have an initially
more rapid uptake, but thereafter biologicsβ mean revenues tend to be slightly greater than
for small molecules. While launch prices for biologics are commonly perceived as being greater
than for small molecules, price growth per standard unit is generally greater for small molecules
than biologics, with rates of price growth increasing for small molecules in the first five years
since launch, and decreasing thereafter. We conclude that the market dynamics of biologics differ
substantially from those of small molecules, although therapeutic class composition plays a major
role.Pfizer Inc
Characterizing Markets for Biopharmaceutical Innovations: Do Biologics Differ from Small Molecules?
While much has been written about the distinctions between biologics and small molecules in terms of their scientific, manufacturing and regulatory experiences, relatively little has been published comparing their clinical and commercial experiences. Employing a data base encompassing all 96 biologics and 212 small molecules newly launched in the U.S. between 1998Q1 and 2008Q4, we compare their downstream clinical and commercial characteristics. Substantial heterogeneity occurs across therapeutic classes. Biologics are more concentrated than small molecules in their therapeutic class composition, but have obtained FDA indication approvals in 13 of 15 classes. While average delays between FDA approval and first observed sales revenues are similar, biologics are twice as likely as small molecules to be Orphan Drugs, are slightly more likely to be designated FDA priority rather than standard review status, and gain slightly more supplemental indication approvals. Although 9.4% of new small molecules permanently exited the market for a variety of reasons, 7.3% of new biologics exited, but 26% of biologics had black box warnings compared to 20% of small molecules. Both biologics and small molecules take 21-22 quarters from launch to reach $100 million in real revenues. Small molecules have an initially more rapid uptake, but thereafter biologics mean revenues tend to be slightly greater than for small molecules. While launch prices for biologics are commonly perceived as being greater than for small molecules, price growth per standard unit is generally greater for small molecules than biologics, with rates of price growth increasing for small molecules in the first five years since launch, and decreasing thereafter. We conclude that the market dynamics of biologics differ substantially from those of small molecules, although therapeutic class composition plays a major role.
Uncertain prognosis for high-quality diagnostics: clinical challenges, economic barriers and needed reforms
Dynamic Nuclear Spin Polarization of Liquids and Gases in Contact with Nanostructured Diamond
Optical
pumping of spin polarization can produce almost complete
spin order but its application is restricted to select atomic gases
and condensed matter systems. Here, we theoretically investigate a
novel route to nuclear spin hyperpolarization in arbitrary fluids
in which target molecules are exposed to polarized paramagnetic centers
located near the surface of a host material. We find that adsorbed
nuclear spins relax to positive or negative polarization depending
on the average paramagnetic center depth and nanoscale surface topology.
For the particular case of optically pumped nitrogen-vacancy centers
in diamond, we calculate strong nuclear spin polarization at moderate
magnetic fields provided the crystal surface is engineered with surface
roughness in the few-nanometer range. The equilibrium nuclear spin
temperature depends only weakly on the correlation time describing
the molecular adsorption dynamics and is robust in the presence of
other, unpolarized paramagnetic centers. These features could be exploited
to polarize flowing liquids or gases, as we illustrate numerically
for the model case of a fluid brought in contact with an optically
pumped diamond nanostructure
Adaptive Biomedical Innovation: Evolving Our Global System to Sustainably and Safely Bring New Medicines to Patients in Need
The current system of biomedical innovation is unable to keep pace with scientific advancements. We propose to address this gap by reengineering innovation processes to accelerate reliable delivery of products that address unmet medical needs. Adaptive biomedical innovation (ABI) provides an integrative, strategic approach for process innovation. Although the term βABIβ is new, it encompasses fragmented βtoolsβ that have been developed across the global pharmaceutical industry, and could accelerate the evolution of the system through more coordinated application. ABI involves bringing stakeholders together to set shared objectives, foster trust, structure decision-making, and manage expectations through rapid-cycle feedback loops that maximize product knowledge and reduce uncertainty in a continuous, adaptive, and sustainable learning healthcare system. Adaptive decision-making, a core element of ABI, provides a framework for structuring decision-making designed to manage two types of uncertainty β the maturity of scientific and clinical knowledge, and the behaviors of other critical stakeholders.Ewing Marion Kauffman FoundationAlfred P. Sloan FoundationMassachusetts Technology CollaborativeRobert Wood Johnson Foundatio