Evaluación de tamaño de cladodios y bio-estimulantes de enraizamiento para la propagación de pitahaya

Introduction. Dragon fruit, which belongs to the cactacea family, is an exotic fruit with multiple gastronomic and nutraceutical uses, and has been consumed since pre-Columbian times. In Costa Rica its consumption is not traditional and commercial cultivation is not well known by farmers, thus it is necessary to stimulate interest as an alternative and economically profitable crop, mainly for the Chorotega and Central Pacific region. Objective. To evaluate the effect of different cladode sizes and natural solutions (biostimulants) on growth, root development and shoots. Material and methods. The experiment was conducted at the Santa Cruz Experimental Farm of the University of Costa Rica, during 2016 and 2017. Two experiments were developed; in the first, 40 cm cladodes were used under three natural solutions (green coconut water, mature coconut water, and lentil extract) at concentrations of 150, 300 and 600 ml.L-1. In the second, cladode size between 20 and 110 cm was evaluated. All cladodes were sown for 60 days in nursery bags (2 L) and then length and width of the shoots, length and number of roots, dry and fresh weight of roots, and the allometric measurement “LxA” were measured. Results. The solution with mature coconut water at 300 and 600 ml.L-1 showed 8 cm longer shoots than the control, while green coconut water at 300 ml.L-1 showed the highest dry and fresh root weight. Likewise, it was shown that a larger cladode size presents greater shoots. Conclusion. Cladode size of 400 cm2 in LxA (> 60 cm) guarantee the best development of the asexual seed and cladodes with an area of 200 – 400 cm2 (≈ 30 - 60 cm) are of medium quality.Introducción. La pitahaya, que pertenece a la familia de las cactáceas, es una fruta exótica de múltiples usos gastronómicos y nutracéuticos, y se consume desde tiempos precolombinos. En Costa Rica su consumo no es tradicional y el cultivo comercial no es muy conocido por los agricultores, por lo que es necesario estimular el interés como cultivo alternativo y económicamente rentable principalmente para la región Chorotega y Región Pacífico Central. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de diferentes tamaños de cladodios y soluciones naturales (bioestimulantes), sobre el crecimiento, desarrollo de raíces y brotes. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se desarrolló en la Finca Experimental de Santa Cruz de la Universidad de Costa Rica, durante 2016 – 2017. Se desarrollaron dos experimentos; en el primero se utilizaron cladodios de 40 cm bajo tres soluciones naturales (agua de pipa, coco y lentejas) a concentraciones de 150, 300 y 600 ml.L-1. En el segundo, se evaluó el tamaño de los cladodios entre los 20 y 110 cm. Todos los cladodios se sembraron durante 60 días en bolsas de vivero (2 L) y luego se midió el largo y ancho del brote, longitud y número de raíces, peso seco y fresco de raíces, y la medida alométrica “LxA”. Resultados. La solución con agua de coco a 300 y 600 ml.L-1 mostró 8 cm más de longitud del brote que el testigo, mientras que el agua de pipa a 300 ml.L-1 evidenció el mayor peso seco y fresco de las raíces. Asimismo, se demostró que a un mayor tamaño del cladodio se presenta una mayor brotación. Conclusión. Tamaños de cladodios de 400 cm2 en LxA (> 60 cm) garantiza el mejor desarrollo de la semilla asexual y los cladodios que presenten un área de 200 y 400 cm2 (≈ 30 - 60 cm) son de calidad media

Lrrk2 p.Q1111H substitution and Parkinson's disease in Latin America

Fil: Mata, Ignacio F. Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington; Estados Unidos.Fil: Wilhoite, Greggory J. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience, Jacksonville, Florida; Estados Unidos.Fil: Yearout, Dora. Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington; Estados Unidos. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience, Jacksonville, Florida; Estados Unidos.Fil: Bacon, Justin A. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience, Jacksonville, Florida; Estados Unidos.Fil: Cornejo-Olivas, Mario. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience, Jacksonville, Florida; Estados Unidos.Fil: Mazzetti, Pilar. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience, Jacksonville, Florida; Estados Unidos.Fil: Marca, Victoria. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience, Jacksonville, Florida; Estados Unidos.Fil: Ortega, Olimpio. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. School of Medicine, Lima; Perú.Fil: Acosta, Oscar. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Movement disorders, Lima; Perú.Fil: Cosentino, Carlos. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Movement disorders, Lima; Perú.Fil: Torres, Luis. Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno; Perú.Fil: Medina, Angel C. University of Chile. Faculty of Medicine. ICBM. Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Santiago; Chile.Fil: Perez-Pastene, Carolina. University of Chile. Faculty of Medicine. ICBM. Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Santiago; Chile.Fil: Díaz-Grez, Fernando. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience, Jacksonville, Florida; Estados Unidos.Fil: Vilariño-Güell, Carles. Liga del Parkinson de Chile; Chile.Fil: Venegas, Pablo. Liga del Parkinson de Chile; Chile.Fil: Miranda, Marcelo. Liga del Parkinson de Chile; Chile.Fil: Trujillo-Godoy, Osvaldo. Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau; Chile.Fil: Layson, Luis. Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau; Chile.Fil: Avello, Rodrigo. Hospital Regional de Concepción; Chile.Fil: Dieguez, Elena. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Neurología, Montevideo; Uruguay.Fil: Raggio, Victor. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Genética, Montevideo; Uruguay.Fil: Micheli, Federico E. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán; Argentina.Fil: Perandones, Claudia. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Dirección Científico Técnica; Argentina.Fil: Alvarez, Victoria. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias. Instituto de Investigación Nefrológica (IRSINFRIAT). Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Oviedo; España.Fil: Segura-Aguilar, Juan. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Unidad de Neurogenética, Lima; Perú.Fil: Farrer, Matthew J. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience, Jacksonville, Florida; Estados Unidos.Fil: Zabetian, Cyrus P. Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington; Estados Unidos.Fil: Ross, Owen A. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience, Jacksonville, Florida; Estados Unidos.Mutations in the LRRK2 gene are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease, with frequencies displaying a high degree of population-specificity. Although more than 100 coding substitutions have been identified, only seven have been proven to be highly penetrant pathogenic mutations. Studies however are lacking in non-white populations. Recently, Lrrk2 p.Q1111H (rs78365431) was identified in two affected Hispanic brothers and absent in 386 non-Hispanic white healthy controls. We therefore screened this variant in 1460 individuals (1150 PD patients and 310 healthy controls) from 4 Latin American countries (Peru, Chile, Uruguay and Argentina). In our case-control series from Peru and Chile we observed an increased frequency of Lrrk2 p.Q1111H in patients (7.9%) compared to controls (5.4%) although the difference did not reach significance (OR 1.38; p = 0.10). In addition, the frequency of Lrrk2 p.Q1111H varied greatly between populations and further screening in a set of pure Amerindian and pure Spanish controls suggested that this variant likely originated in an Amerindian population. Further studies in other Latin American populations are warranted to assess its role as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Screening in Parkinson's disease patients from under-represented populations will increase our understanding of the role of LRRK2 variants in disease risk worldwide

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN