Is More, Better? Relationships of Multiple Psychological Well-Being Facets with Cardiometabolic Disease

Objective: Cardiometabolic disease (CMD) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Assessments of psychological well-being taken at one time point are linked to reduced cardiometabolic risk, but psychological well-being may change over time and how longitudinal trajectories of psychological well-being may be related to CMD risk remains unclear. Furthermore, psychological well-being is a multidimensional construct comprised of distinct facets, but no work has examined whether sustaining high levels of multiple facets may confer additive protection. This study tested if trajectories of four psychological well-being facets would be associated with lower risk of self-reported nonfatal CMD. Method: Participants were 4,006 adults aged ≥50 years in the English Longitudinal study of Ageing followed for 18 years at biyearly intervals. Psychological well-being facets were measured in Waves 1–5 using subscales of the Control, Autonomy, Satisfaction, and Pleasure scale. Latent class growth modeling defined trajectories of each facet. Incident CMD cases were self-reported at Waves 6–9. Cox regression models estimated likelihood of incident CMD associated with trajectories of each facet individually and additively (i.e., having persistently high levels on multiple facets over time). Results: After adjusting for relevant covariates, CMD risk was lower for adults with persistently high versus persistently low levels of control and autonomy. When considering potential additive effects, lower CMD risk was also related to experiencing persistently high levels of ≥2 versus 0 psychological well-being facets. Conclusions: Findings suggest having and sustaining multiple facets of psychological well-being is beneficial for cardiometabolic health, and that effects may be additive

The Association of Optimism with Sleep Duration and Quality: Findings from the Coronary Artery Risk and Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

Optimism is associated with better health outcomes with hypothesized effects due in part to optimism\u27s association with restorative health processes. Limited work has examined whether optimism is associated with better quality sleep, a major restorative process. We test the hypothesis that greater optimism is associated with more favorable sleep quality and duration. Main analyses included adults aged 32-51 who participated in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study (n = 3,548) during the fifth (Year 15: 2000-2001) and sixth (Year 20: 2005-2006) follow-up visits. Optimism was assessed using the revised Life-Orientation Test. Self-report measures of sleep quality and duration were obtained twice 5 years apart. A subset of CARDIA participants (2003-2005) additionally provided actigraphic data and completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Multivariate regression analyses were used to examine associations of optimism and sleep indicators. In cross-sectional analyses of 3548 participants, each standard deviation (SD) higher optimism score resulted in 78% higher odds of self-reporting very good sleep quality. Prospectively, a 1-SD higher optimism score was related to higher odds of reporting persistently good sleep quality across 5-years relative to those with persistently poor sleep [OR = 1.31; 95%CI:1.10,1.56]. In participant with supplementary data, each SD higher optimism score was marginally associated with 22% greater odds of favorable sleep quality [OR = 1.22; 95%CI:1.00,1.49] as measured by the PSQI, with possible mediation by depressive symptoms. Optimism was unrelated to objective actigraphic sleep data. Findings support a positive cross-sectional and prospective association between optimism and self-reported sleep behavior

Optimism and Risk of Incident Hypertension: A Target for Primordial Prevention

Aims Optimism is associated with reduced cardiovascular disease risk; however, few prospective studies have considered optimism in relation to hypertension risk specifically. We investigated whether optimism was associated with a lower risk of developing hypertension in U.S. service members, who are more likely to develop high blood pressure early in life. We also evaluated race/ethnicity, sex and age as potential effect modifiers of these associations. Methods Participants were 103 486 hypertension-free U.S. Army active-duty soldiers (mean age 28.96 years, 61.76% White, 20.04% Black, 11.01% Hispanic, 4.09% Asian, and 3.10% others). We assessed optimism, sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions, health behaviours and depression status at baseline (2009–2010) via self-report and administrative records, and ascertained incident hypertension over follow-up (2010–2014) from electronic health records and health assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and adjusted models for a broad range of relevant covariates. Results Over a mean follow-up of 3.51 years, 15 052 incident hypertension cases occurred. The highest v. lowest optimism levels were associated with a 22% reduced risk of developing hypertension, after adjusting for all covariates including baseline blood pressure (HR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.74–0.83). The difference in hypertension risk between the highest v. lowest optimism was also maintained when we excluded soldiers with hypertension in the first two years of follow-up and, separately, when we excluded soldiers with prehypertension at baseline. A dose–response relationship was evident with higher optimism associated with a lower relative risk (p \u3c 0.001). Higher optimism was consistently associated with a lower risk of developing hypertension across sex, age and most race/ethnicity categories. Conclusions In a diverse cohort of initially healthy male and female service members particularly vulnerable to developing hypertension, higher optimism levels were associated with reduced hypertension risk independently of sociodemographic and health factors, a particularly notable finding given the young and healthy population. Results suggest optimism is a health asset and a potential target for public health interventions

Interventions to Modify Psychological Well-Being: Progress, Promises, and an Agenda for Future Research

Psychological well-being, characterized by feelings, cognitions, and strategies that are associated with positive functioning (including hedonic and eudaimonic well-being), has been linked with better physical health and greater longevity. Importantly, psychological well-being can be strengthened with interventions, providing a strategy for improving population health. But are the effects of well-being interventions meaningful, durable, and scalable enough to improve health at a population-level? To assess this possibility, a cross-disciplinary group of scholars convened to review current knowledge and develop a research agenda. Here we summarize and build on the key insights from this convening, which were: (1) existing interventions should continue to be adapted to achieve a large-enough effect to result in downstream improvements in psychological functioning and health, (2) research should determine the durability of interventions needed to drive population-level and lasting changes, (3) a shift from individual-level care and treatment to a public-health model of population-level prevention is needed and will require new infrastructure that can deliver interventions at scale, (4) interventions should be accessible and effective in racially, ethnically, and geographically diverse samples. A discussion examining the key future research questions follows

Sleep and survival among women with breast cancer: 30 years of follow-up within the Nurses’ Health Study

Background: Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in women. Sleep has been linked with mortality among cancer-free population; however, its association with survival among women with breast cancer is understudied. Methods: Breast cancer patients (N=3682) reported their average sleep duration post diagnosis. Subsamples also provided their pre-diagnosis sleep duration (n=1949) and post-diagnosis sleep difficulties (n=1353). Multivariate Cox models estimated hazard ratios (HR) and confidence intervals (CI) of all-cause, breast cancer, and non-breast cancer mortality. Results: At diagnosis, the mean age was 64.9 years and 91.7% were stage I or II. Women sleeping ⩾9 h per night post diagnosis had a strong higher risk of all-cause (multivariate HRs: MV-HR=1.37, CI=1.10–1.71), breast cancer (MV-HR=1.46, CI=1.02–2.07), and non-breast cancer mortality (MV-HR=1.34, CI=1.01–1.79), compared to women sleeping 8 h per night. Increased sleep duration post diagnosis (vs unchanged) and regular sleep difficulties (vs rare/none) were associated with a strong elevated risk of all-cause mortality (MV-HRincreased duration=1.35, CI=1.04–1.74; MV-HRregular difficulties=1.49, CI=1.02–2.19) and a moderate greater risk of breast cancer and non-breast cancer mortality. Conclusions: Various facets of sleep were associated with higher all-cause mortality risk. If replicated, these findings support evaluation of breast cancer patients' sleep duration and difficulties to identify those at risk for poorer outcomes

Current recommendations on the selection of measures for well-being

Measures of well-being have proliferated over the past decades. Very little guidance has been available as to which measures to use in what contexts. This paper provides a series of recommendations, based on the present state of knowledge and the existing measures available, of what measures might be preferred in which contexts. The recommendations came out of an interdisciplinary workshop on the measurement of well-being. The recommendations are shaped around the number of items that can be included in a survey, and also based on the differing potential contexts and purposes of data collection such as, for example, government surveys, or multi-use cohort studies, or studies specifically about psychological well-being. The recommendations are not intended to be definitive, but to stimulate discussion and refinement, and to provide guidance to those relatively new to the study of well-being

Évaluation des symptômes liés au cancer, leur regroupement et leur trajectoire jusqu'à 18 mois après la chirurgie

Cette thèse doctorale s’intéresse à l’évolution des symptômes liés au cancer localisé, à leur regroupement et leurs interrelations. Lors de la période péri-opératoire ainsi que 2, 6, 10, 14 et 18 mois plus tard, 828 patients ont complété plusieurs questionnaires. Le premier objectif de cette thèse consiste à examiner l’évolution de cinq symptômes fréquents, soit l’anxiété, la dépression, l’insomnie, la fatigue et la douleur, et ce, selon les types de cancer et les traitements reçus. Les résultats indiquent que la sévérité des symptômes varie de façon importante pendant la trajectoire de soins oncologiques, et ce, particulièrement sur le plan des symptômes d’anxiété, qui diminuent de façon considérable dans les premiers mois suivant la chirurgie. Les résultats suggèrent également que le protocole de traitements adjuvants influencerait davantage l’évolution des symptômes que le type de cancer. Le deuxième objectif vise l’identification de profils de patients ayant des niveaux de symptômes similaires et leur association avec des caractéristiques médicales (type de cancer, traitements) et de certaines conséquences possibles (faible qualité de vie, altération du fonctionnement). Les analyses révèlent que le profil « Faible niveau de symptômes » est le plus fréquent dans l’échantillon, présente les meilleurs scores de qualité de vie et de fonctionnement, et est souvent retrouvé chez les hommes atteints d’un cancer de la prostate et les patients traités par chirurgie seulement. Les profils présentant des niveaux élevés de symptômes psychologiques sont liés à un moins bon fonctionnement, alors qu’un profil composé de nausées et vomissements prédominants est le moins commun. Le troisième objectif a pour but d’explorer les relations temporelles entre les symptômes et de déterminer si certains symptômes prédisent de façon significative le niveau de sévérité ultérieur d’autres symptômes, à l’aide d’analyses par équations structurelles. Le modèle final montre que le meilleur prédicteur de la sévérité d’un symptôme est son niveau au temps de mesure précédent. Par ailleurs, la fatigue et l’anxiété sont des prédicteurs importants des niveaux subséquents de dépression, d’insomnie et de douleur durant la trajectoire de soins oncologiques. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats obtenus permettent de mieux comprendre l’évolution et l’interaction entre les symptômes liés au cancer

Prospective associations between coffee consumption and psychological well-being.

ObjectivePrior work indicates a robust relationship between coffee consumption and lower depression risk, yet no research has examined links with psychological well-being (e.g., happiness, optimism). This study tested whether coffee intake is prospectively associated with greater psychological well-being over time. Secondarily, associations in the reverse direction were also examined to determine whether initial levels of psychological well-being were related to subsequent coffee consumption.MethodsAmong women in the Nurses' Health Study, coffee consumption was examined in 1990 and 2002 in relation to sustained levels of happiness reported across multiple assessments from 1992-2000 (N = 44,449) and sustained levels of optimism assessed from 2004-2012 (N = 36,729). Associations were tested using generalized estimating equations with a Poisson distribution adjusted for various relevant covariates. Bidirectional relationships were evaluated in secondary analyses of baseline happiness (1992) and optimism (2004) with sustained moderate coffee consumption across multiple assessments through 2010.ResultsCompared to minimal coffee consumption levels (ConclusionsAssociations between psychological well-being and coffee consumption over up to two decades were largely null or weak. Although coffee consumption may protect individuals against depression over time, it may have limited impact on facets of psychological well-being

The Prospective Association Between Positive Psychological Well-Being and Diabetes

Objective: Positive psychological well-being has protective associations with cardiovascular outcomes, but no studies have considered its association with diabetes. This study investigated links between well-being and incident diabetes. Methods: At study baseline (1991-1994), 7,800 middle-aged British men and women without diabetes indicated their life satisfaction, emotional vitality, and optimism. Diabetes status was determined by self-reported physician diagnosis and oral glucose tolerance test (screen detection) at baseline and through 2002-2004. Incident diabetes was defined by physician-diagnosed and screen-detected cases combined and separately. Logistic regression estimated the odds of developing diabetes controlling for relevant covariates (e.g., demographics, depressive symptoms). Models were also stratified by gender and weight status. Results: There were 562 combined cases of incident diabetes during follow-up (up to 13 years). Well-being was not associated with incident diabetes for combined physician-diagnosed and screen-detected cases. However, when examining the 288 physician-diagnosed cases, life satisfaction (OR=0.85, 95% CI=0.76-0.95) and emotional vitality (OR=0.86, 95% CI=0.77-0.97) were associated with up to a 15% decrease in the odds of physician-diagnosed diabetes, controlling for demographics (results were similar with other covariates). Optimism was not associated with physician-diagnosed diabetes and no well-being indicator was associated with screen-detected diabetes. Gender and weight status were not moderators. Conclusions: Life satisfaction and emotional vitality, but not optimism, were associated with reduced risk of physician-diagnosed diabetes. These findings suggest well-being may contribute to reducing risk of a prevalent and burdensome condition although intervention studies are needed to confirm this. It is unclear why findings differed for physician-diagnosed versus study-screened diabetes

The prospective association between positive psychological well-being and diabetes.

Objective: Positive psychological well-being has protective associations with cardiovascular outcomes, but no studies have considered its association with diabetes. This study investigated links between well-being and incident diabetes. Methods: At study baseline (1991-1994), 7,800 middle-aged British men and women without diabetes indicated their life satisfaction, emotional vitality, and optimism. Diabetes status was determined by self-reported physician diagnosis and oral glucose tolerance test (screen detection) at baseline and through 2002-2004. Incident diabetes was defined by physician-diagnosed and screen-detected cases combined and separately. Logistic regression estimated the odds of developing diabetes controlling for relevant covariates (e.g., demographics, depressive symptoms). Models were also stratified by gender and weight status. Results: There were 562 combined cases of incident diabetes during follow-up (up to 13 years). Well-being was not associated with incident diabetes for combined physician-diagnosed and screen-detected cases. However, when examining the 288 physician-diagnosed cases, life satisfaction (OR=0.85, 95% CI=0.76-0.95) and emotional vitality (OR=0.86, 95% CI=0.77-0.97) were associated with up to a 15% decrease in the odds of physician-diagnosed diabetes, controlling for demographics (results were similar with other covariates). Optimism was not associated with physician-diagnosed diabetes and no well-being indicator was associated with screen-detected diabetes. Gender and weight status were not moderators. Conclusions: Life satisfaction and emotional vitality, but not optimism, were associated with reduced risk of physician-diagnosed diabetes. These findings suggest well-being may contribute to reducing risk of a prevalent and burdensome condition although intervention studies are needed to confirm this. It is unclear why findings differed for physician-diagnosed versus study-screened diabetes