Institutional aspect of the Russian economy regional development

The urgency of the issue under research takes place due to the fact that the institutional system forms prerequisites for economic development of regions and affects the rate of economic growth and welfare of the population not only at the local, but also at the federal level. The article reveals the peculiarities of the institutional aspect of regional development, gives recommendations on the improvement of institutions to smooth the unevenness of regional development. As a scientific and methodological basis, the methods of analysis and synthesis are used in the work, which allow to reveal the features of regional institutions at the present stage. The use of statistical data reflecting the main characteristics of Russian regions made it possible to reveal that regions develop unevenly both in time and in space. The reasons for this are insufficient performance efficiency of institutions, which duplicates the powers of federal and regional authorities, the state’s participation in realizing ownership rights in the private property system, insufficient protection of property rights, bureaucratic procedures, and financial problems in the Russian economy. The above-mentioned shortcomings in the system of regional institutes reduce the competitiveness of regions, and reduce the volume of investments, which leads to further strengthening of their uneven development, and exacerbating the issue of income differences of the population. The authors believe that in order to improve the system of regional institutions and overcome the asymmetry, it is necessary to systematize resources, develop differentiated interaction at the regional and federal levels, and evaluate the effectiveness of the decisions made with the help of leading indicators in business cycle phases

Hydrophobicity of electrophoretic fractions of different soil humic acids.

International audiencePurpose The fractionation of soil humic acids (HAs) according to their hydrophobicity is a common procedure in the study of this polydispersed complex natural mixture, so that reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is used resulting in humic components of differing hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties. However, a comparative study of the hydrophobicity of fractions isolated from different soil HAs have not been addressed so far. Materials and methods The RP-HPLC with online absorbance detection was used for analysis of International Humic Substances Society soil standard HAs, chernozem soil HAs, and their electrophoretic fractions A, B, and C + D, obtained by tandem size exclusion chromatography-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The strong relationship between hydrophobicity, electrophoretic mobility (EM), molecular size (MS), specific absorbance at 280 nm and aromaticity of HAs fractions was found. Results and discussion Independently of soil HAs genesis fraction A with lowest EM and highest MS is essentially more hydrophobic (60-73 % of the fraction amount remained adsorbed on the RP column) than medium EM and MS fraction B (33-47 % of the fraction amount remained adsorbed on the RP column). The lowest hydrophobicity belongs to fraction C + D with highest EM and lowest MS. Conclusions The most hydrophilic aromatic fraction C + D seems to have been bound with other mostly aliphatic hydrophobic fractions A and B through non covalent (possibly hydrogen) bonds. These data could be relevant to better understanding the overall makeup of soil HAs and their structural organization

Photodegrading properties of soil humic acids fractionated by SEC-PAGE set-up. Are they connected with absorbance?

Humic acids (HAs) extracted from soils of different origins were fractionated using size exclusion chromatography-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis set-up. For each HAs, three fractions showing distinct electrophoretic mobilities and molecular sizes (MS) were obtained. Bulk HAs and their fractions (25 mg L−1) were then compared for their ability to photosensitize the degradation of 2,4,6-trimethylphenol upon irradiation at 365 nm. Rate coefficients were deduced from pseudo-first order kinetics. For five of the six series, the rate coefficient varied in the order: high MS < medium MS < low MS. Except for one HA, the general tendency was a linear increase of the rate coefficient with 1–10−A, where A is the absorbance of HAs or fractions solution at 365 nm. It is an indication that the ratio of photosensitizing to non-photosensitizing chromophores is roughly constant among fractions

Evaluation of aliphatic/aromatic compounds and fluorophores in dissolved organic matter of contrasting natural waters by SEC-HPLC with multi-wavelength absorbance and fluorescence detections

International audienc

Evaluation of Suwannee River NOM electrophoretic fractions by RP-HPLC with online absorbance and fluorescence detection.

International audienceReversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with online absorbance and fluorescence detections was used for the evaluation of Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) and its fractions A, B, and C+D, obtained by conventional size exclusion chromatography–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SEC-PAGE) setup, for which the electrophoretic mobility (EM) and the absorptivity varied in the order C+D > B > A, and the molecular size (MS) in the opposite order. Analysis of SRNOM and its fractions in part of their relative irreversible adsorption on C18-column and relative distribution of eluted from the column matter on hydrophobic and hydrophilic peaks showed that hydrophobicity of fractions decreased in order: A > B > C+D. The online fluorescence detection showed that SRNOM and its fractions contained at least three groups of humic substances (HS)-like fluorophores with emission maxima at 435, 455–465, and 455/420 nm and two protein-like fluorophores with emission maxima at around 300 and 340 nm. The HS-like fluorophore with emission maximum at 435 nm was located in the hydrophilic peak in all the samples. Those with maxima at 455–465 nm were detected in hydrophobic peaks of fractions A and B. SEC-PAGE setup followed by RP-HPLC allowed us to develop new approach of SRNOM separation on less heterogeneous compounds mixture for their further study and structural identification

High amounts of free aromatic amino acids in the protein-like fluorescence of water-dissolved organic matter

International audienceFluorescence spectroscopy is widely used to study water pollution. The fluorescence of water natural organic matter can be classified into two groups: the protein-like fluorescence originating from aromatic amino acids and the humic fluorescence originating from humic substances. Actually, the precise molecular origin of the protein-like fluorescence is unknown because this fluorescence may be caused by either free amino acids, peptides or proteins. Therefore, we studied the molecular origin of the protein-like fluorescence of Suwannee River natural organic matter and fractions A, B and C + D obtained by size exclusion chromatography/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fractions were analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The electrophoretic mobilities of fractions varied in the order C + D > B > A and the molecular size in the opposite order. Our results show that the protein-like fluorescence is almost exclusively located in high molecular size fraction A and medium molecular size fraction B. Retention times and fluorescence emission spectra of authentic free aromatic amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan were identical with the retention times and emission spectra of several chromatographic peaks of fractions A and B. More than 50 % of the protein-like fluorescence is due to free aromatic amino acids incorporated in water natural organic matter

Molecular Size Distribution of Fluorophores in Aquatic Natural Organic Matter: Application of HPSEC with Multi-Wavelength Absorption and Fluorescence Detection Following LPSEC-PAGE Fractionation

International audienceAnalytical high performance size exclusion liquid chromatography (HPSEC) with multiwavelength absorbance and fluorescence detections was used for the analysis of molecular size distribution and optical properties of dissolved natural organic matter. Experiments were conducted on Suwannee River organic matter (SRNOM) and its fractions A, B, C+D preliminary obtained by combination of preparative low pressure size exclusion chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (LPSEC-PAGE) and purified by dialysis on membrane with nominal cutoff 10 kDa, the fractions molecular size varied in order A > B > C + D > 10 kDa. The multistep fractionation of SRNOM enabled the size-separation of at least five types of humic-like fluorophores within NOM showing emission maxima at 465, 450, 435, 420, and 405 nm. The decrease of the humic-like emission maxima paralleled the decrease of the nominal molecular size of fluorescent SRNOM. The protein-like fluorescence was split into tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like fluorophores and only detected in fractions A and B. This work provides new data on the optical properties of size-fractionated NOM, which consistent with the formation of supramolecular NOM assemblies, likely controlled by association of low-molecular size components. It is clearly observed for the high molecular size fraction A, containing free amino acids or short peptides. The combination of several different fractionation procedures is very useful for obtaining less complex NOM compounds and understanding the NOM function in the environment

Determination of hydrophobicity and optical properties of soil humic acids isolated by different methods

International audienceHAs were extracted from the same chernozem soil sample by two commonly used methods: (i) extraction by 0.1 M NaOH followed by pre-decalcification using 0.1 M HCl -- the method, recommended by the International Humic Substances Society, and the HAs sample was named IHSS-HAs; and (ii) Kononova's method, where several treatments of soil by 0.1 M Na4P2O7 + 0.1 M NaOH were employed and the HAs were marked K1-HAs, K2-HAs and K3-HAs (corresponding to the first, second and third isolation cycle, respectively). Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP HPLC) with stepwise and linear gradients of methanol was used to reveal hydrophobicity differences in isolated HAs. Independent on the method used, after the first extraction IHSS-HAs and K1-HAs had a similar hydrophobicity, and varied in the order K3-HAs > K2-HAs > K1-HAs in Kononova's method. The absorption spectra of extracted HAs were featureless, but the negative correlation of specific absorption at 280 nm and E4/E6 ratio with hydrophobicity was found. The data point out that the hydrophobicity of HAs may be greatly influenced by their isolation procedure. Extraction protocol may induce changes in the transport of organic pollutants and affected drawn conclusions

Evaluation of photochemical properties of compost humic-like materials

International audienceHumic-like acids (HLA) were extracted from compost at the beginning and after 70, 130 and 730 days of maturation in order to be investigated for their ability to induce the transformation of 2,4,6-trimethylphenol under irradiation at 365 nm. The rate of 2,4,6-trimethylphenol phototransformation in the presence of HLA (25 mg l-1) varied within HLA0 << HLA70 ≈ HLA130 ≈ HLA730. The changes of photoinductive capacity paralleled the changes of HLAs absorptivity indicating that the formation of photoinductive constituents is related to that of the colored moieties. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis showed that intensity of all humic electrophoretic fractions significantly increased during the first 70 days of maturation but did not undergo significant changes for longer composting times. These data confirm the changes of HLS during compostin