Officer-Involved Shootings in Anchorage 1993-2013

The full report upon which this article is based, Officer-Involved Shootings in Anchorage 1993–2013 by Troy C. Payne (Anchorage, AK: Justice Center, University of Alaska Anchorage, 11 Dec 2013) is available online at https://scholarworks.alaska.edu/handle/11122/3992.This article presents findings from the December 2013 report Officer-Involved Shootings in Anchorage 1993–2013, which describes shootings involving officers of the Anchorage Police Department (APD) for the period January 1, 1993 through May 11, 2013.[Introduction] / Data Source and Limitations / Shooting Incident Characteristics / Weapon Use by Citizens / Injuries to Citizens, Officers, and Bystanders / Officer and Citizen Characteristics / Mental Illness and Drug Use / Warrants, Suspicion of Other Crimes, and Criminal Histories of Citizens / Discussion and ConclusionYe

Officer-Involved Shootings in Anchorage 1993–2013

This report describes situational, officer, and citizen characteristics of the 45 officer-involved shootings in Anchorage for the period 1 Jan 1993 through 11 May 2013 as recorded in Anchorage Police Department (APD) criminal investigation files. An “officer-involved shooting” is defined as an incident in which a sworn APD employee purposefully discharged a firearm with the intent of stopping a human being while acting under color of law, including firing at vehicles when the intent is to stop the vehicle. A total of 45 officer-involved shootings occurred during the 20-year study period. APD policy with regard to use of force and investigation of officer-involved shootings is also described.Anchorage Police Department.Executive Summary / Introduction / Investigation of officer-involved shootings and current policy / Policy / Data source and limitations / Temporal and spatial characteristics / Situational characteristics / Types of weapons used by police / Number of shots fired by police / Officer characteristics / Citizen characteristics / Summary / Appendix A: Variables Collecte

How Do You Determine the Right Size of a Police Department? Don’t Look to Crime Rates.

This article also appeared on pp. 3–5 of the Fall 2017 print edition.Studies have shown that changing the number of police officers has no effect on crime rates. This article explains why and describes alternative measures. An accompanying chart compares rates of violent crime in Alaska for 1986–2015 with the number of police officers per 1,000 residents for the same period.Why might police force size be related to crime? / What do the studies say? / Does this mean we can safely reduce the number of officers? / Is crime the only concern of police departments? / What about Alaska? / Reference

Research Perspectives on the Use and Control of Police Force

Anchorage Community Police Relations Task Forc

Green Bay Chronic Nuisance Notification Evaluation, 2006–2010

Green Bay City Ordinance Chapter 28 allows the City of Green Bay, Wisconsin to recover the cost of providing police services for chronic nuisances. Enforcement of Chapter 28 began in October 2006 and continues as of this writing. This report examined calls for service at properties with chronic nuisance enforcement to determine if enforcement was associated with a reduction in calls for service. Enforcing the chronic nuisance ordinance is associated with reduced calls for service but is costly in terms of officer and analyst hours. The best use of the chronic nuisance ordinance may be as a credible threat to entice property owners to partner with the Green Bay Police Department on crime prevention and nuisance abatement efforts

Middle-income tax rates: trends and prospects

The federal tax liabilities of different income groups change constantly in response to new tax laws and shifting economic circumstances. For example, in recent years, Congress has lowered individual income tax rates, increased child and dependent care credits, and reduced taxes on dividends and capital gains. Much of the economic analysis and political debate about these federal tax changes concerns the impact on upper- or lower-income groups, while the impact on middle-income taxpayers sometimes gets forgotten. ; The trends in tax rates can be difficult for middle-income taxpayers, themselves, to discern. Modest revisions to the federal tax code may hardly be noticed in any given year; yet these revisions could build over time into a large change in the middle-income tax rate. Some taxpayers may also find it difficult to determine whether changes in their tax liability are due to legislated changes in the federal tax code or shifts in their own circumstances. ; Davig and Garner define the effective federal tax rate for middle-income households and discuss the problems in computing this measure. They find that the effective federal tax rate facing middle-income households has trended downward over the last 25 years and is currently low by historical standards. Moreover, the composition of middle-income tax liabilities over this period has shifted away from individual income taxes toward payroll taxes. Finally, they show that under current tax law middle-income taxes are projected to rise in the future.Taxation

Mathematical Modelling of Hydrophilic Ionic Fertiliser Diffusion in Plant Cuticles: Lipophilic Surfactant Effects

The agricultural industry requires improved efficacy of sprays being applied to crops and weeds to reduce their environmental impact and increase financial returns. One way to improve efficacy is by enhancing foliar penetration. The plant leaf cuticle is the most significant barrier to agrochemical diffusion within the leaf. It has been noted that a comprehensive set of mechanisms for ionic active ingredient penetration through plant leaves with surfactants is not well defined and oils that enhance penetration have been given little attention. The importance of a mechanistic mathematical model has been noted previously in the literature. Two mechanistic mathematical models have been previously developed by the authors, focusing on plant cuticle penetration of calcium chloride through tomato fruit cuticles. The models included ion binding and evaporation with hygroscopic water absorption, along with the ability to vary the active ingredient concentration and type, relative humidity and plant species. Here we further develop these models to include lipophilic adjuvant effects, as well as the adsorption and desorption of compounds on the cuticle surface with a novel Adaptive Competitive Langmuir model. These modifications to a penetration model provide a novel addition to the literature. We validate our theoretical model results against appropriate experimental data, discuss key sensitivities and relate theoretical predictions to physical mechanisms. The results indicate the addition of the desorption mechanism may be one way to predict increased penetration at late times and the sensitivity of model parameters compares wells to those present in the literature