CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION OF EXTRACELLULAR MOLECULES PRODUCED BY Salmonella typhi, ISOLATED FROM FISH Rastrelliger kanagurta

Aim: The research is aimed to isolate, characterize extracellular molecules from Salmonella typhi isolated from a fish, Rastrelliger kanagurta, to explore their potential to be used as vaccine candidates. Methodology: Salmonella typhi strain isolated from marine fish, was grown in optimized medium for expression of Vi polysaccharide and Flagellin C protein. Expression of both the molecules is optimized and the molecules are characterized by NMR, SEM and HPLC. Results: Salmonella typhi strain, isolated from a fish Rastrelliger kanagurta from Machilipatnam was observed to produce Polysaccharide (ViP) and Protein (Flagellin C). Polysaccharide (ViP) and FlagellinC were isolated and purified. The clean/refined polysaccharide from the current Salmonella isolate were put through analysis for the establishment of sugar moieties and also to understand rheology of extracellular molecules, SEM, NMR and HPLC analysis were performed. The HPLC profile confirms ~500 KD size of polysaccharide. The polysaccharide conforms to be virulence polysaccharide by NMR. The SDS PAGE results suggested the existence of the~50 kDa protein Flagellin C. Conclusion: Different protein carriers (TT, CRM197 and DT) are used for producing conjugate vaccines, as a futuristic idea from the present work, ViP and FliC produced by the same organism can be used for preparation of a conjugate vaccine. This conjugate of ViP-FliC would elicit better immune response as both molecules will be originated from same organism, which would provide a homologous origin advantage. &nbsp

Evaluation of salivary alkaline phosphatase levels in tobacco users to determine its role as biomarker in oral potentially malignant disorders

Background: Although elevated salivary alkaline phosphatase (S-ALP) levels have been seen in oral squamous cell carcinoma, the status of S-ALP in cigarette users and those with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) is less well understood. The study's goals and objectives were to assess and compare S-ALP levels in tobacco users, nonusers, and people with OPMD. Materials and Methods: The study included 150 people who were divided into four groups: those who did not use tobacco, tobacco smokers, those who are in habit of tobacco chewing, and those who are in the habit of tobacco chewing/smoking and had a lesion. unstimulated saliva (5 mL) was collected and centrifuged for 15 minutes at 3000 rpm, and the supernatant was separated. In an automatic analyzer, S-ALP was calculated in the supernatant using the kinetic photometric method. Results: The information gathered was subjected to statistical analysis. S-ALP levels were 17.90 IU/L in healthy people who didn't smoke, 4.58 IU/L in smokers who didn't have a lesion, and 7.52 IU/L in tobacco chewers who didn't have a lesion, and 64.92 IU/L in people with OPMD. Using Kruskal–Wallis' ANOVA, the mean difference between the groups was statistically significant (P 0.001).&nbsp

To analyze the mesiobuccal root canal of maxillary first molar using cone beam computed tomography: An Ex-vivo study

Aim and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to use cone bar CT to investigate the root trench morphology of two-hundred mesiobuccal permanent first molars in the maxilla. Materials and Methods: The distobuccal and palatal roots were removed at the furcation in 250 maxillary first molars. The mesiobuccal roots were then imaged using cone beam computed tomography on all specimens. The specimens were analyzed and compared to one another.” This study looked into the following factors. How Many Canals There Are and What Shape Those Canals Take Errors such as lateral canals, apical delta, calcified segments, and others. Result: Vertucci's trench configuration, kinds I, II, III, IV, V, and VII, were seen in 30%, 20%, 5%, 6%, 7%, and 2.5% of the teeth, respectively. Calcified sections were found in the coronal third of the MB1 trench for eight of the samples, and in the central third for two of the samples. The MB1 trench did not have any calcifications at its very end. The coronal 33 percent of the MB2 trench was calcified in eight samples, but no calcifications were seen in the middle or upper thirds. Conclusion: Noninvasively and with little radiation, a cone beam CT scan can help you learn about your root canal setup

An In Vivo Evaluation of postoperative pain after root canal instrumentation using manual K-files and Kedo-S rotary files in primary molars

Aim: To determine postoperative pain after root canal instrumentation using manual K-file and rotary Kedo-S files in primary molars. Material and Method: Thirty-six primary mandibular molars from 4- to 8-year-old children requiring pulpectomy were randomly split into two groups of 18 teeth each, that is, manual file K-file (Group I) and Kedo-S rotary file (Group II). Children's pre- and postoperative pain was assessed using a four-point scale at different time intervals. Results: From the result of the present study, it was observed that the Kedo-S group showed significantly less pain after 24, 48, and 72 h. Conclusion: It was concluded from the present research that patients enrolled in the Kedo-s group experienced less pain

Evaluating the effect of nanofilled composite restorations on the wear resistance of posterior teeth: An RCT

Background: Dental restorations play a crucial role in preserving the structural integrity and function of posterior teeth. However, wear resistance remains a significant concern for these restorations. Materials and Methods: In this RCT, 120 participants with posterior tooth restoration needs were randomly assigned to two groups. Group A received conventional composite restorations, while Group B received NanoFilled Composite restorations. The restorations were placed according to standardized protocols. Wear resistance was assessed using a custom-designed chewing simulator, and the material wear was quantified using a profilometer. Patient-reported outcomes and clinical evaluations were also recorded at regular intervals over a 24-month follow-up period. Results: The wear resistance of the NanoFilled Composite restorations (Group B) was significantly higher than that of the conventional composite restorations (Group A) after 24 months of follow-up (P < 0.05). Profilometer measurements revealed that Group B had an average wear depth of 0.15 mm, while Group A had an average wear depth of 0.25 mm. Patient-reported outcomes indicated higher satisfaction and comfort in Group B. Clinical evaluations also demonstrated that Group B restorations had better retention and marginal integrity. Conclusion: This RCT demonstrates that NanoFilled Composite restorations exhibit superior wear resistance compared to conventional composite restorations when used in posterior teeth

Recent advances in caries prevention—An update

Management of dental caries has seen a significant development in recent years. A diagnosis based on risk indicators and risk factor assessments, early identification, and caries prevention are some of the most recent and efficient strategies. The recent advancements in dental caries prevention strategies are briefly covered in this overview