IAPs as E3 ligases of Rac1 : shaping the move

Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) are well-studied E3 ubiquitin ligases predominantly known for regulation of apoptosis. We uncovered that IAPs can function as a direct E3 ubiquitin ligase of RhoGTPase Rac1. cIAP1 and XIAP directly conjugate polyubiquitin chains to Lysine 147 of activated Rac1 and target it for proteasomal degradation. Consistently, loss of these IAPs by various strategies led to stabilization of Rac1 and mesenchymal mode of migration in tumor cells. IAPs also regulate Rac1 degradation upon RhoGDI1 depletion and CNF1 toxin treatment. Our observations revealed an evolutionarily conserved role of IAPs in regulating Rac1 stability shedding light on to the mechanisms behind ubiquitination–dependent inactivation of Rac1 signaling

IAPs on the move : role of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins in cell migration

Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) are a class of highly conserved proteins predominantly known for the regulation of caspases and immune signaling. However, recent evidence suggests a crucial role for these molecules in the regulation of tumor cell shape and migration by controlling MAPK, NF-κB and Rho GTPases. IAPs directly control Rho GTPases, thus regulating cell shape and migration. For instance, XIAP and cIAP1 function as the direct E3 ubiquitin ligases of Rac1 and target it for proteasomal degradation. IAPs are differentially expressed in tumor cells and have been targeted by several cancer therapeutic drugs that are currently in clinical trials. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of IAPs in the regulation of cell migration and discuss the possible implications of these observations in regulating tumor cell metastases

Integration of Online Social Network and E-Commerce Business through Facebook Pages

The aim of this paper is to explore Facebook page options through which e-commerce companies can establish relationship with online social networking users. It explores the various options available on Facebook page like audience building, data analysis, paid promotions etc. Techniques for organic and paid promotion discussed to build the page audience. Comprehensive study on data insights provided by Facebook is tabulated. This paper highlights the factors for integration of Online Social Network and e-commerce to help ecommerce companies to focus on building audience and converting them into sale. A step by step implemen-tation starting from page setup, audience building and data analy-sis is presented

Awareness of Physical Activity Levels and Sedentary Behaviour: An Assessment of Awareness of Physical Activity Levels and Sedentary Behaviour Among Parents and Children

The purpose of this study was to assess awareness of physical activity and sedentary behaviour among parents and children aged 10-13 years. Associations between awareness and factors including age, BMI, gender, and obesity status were also examined. A total of 53 parent-child dyads participated in the study. Agreement between parent and child subjective measures (self-report) and objectively measured physical activity was examined to determine awareness. Most parents (87%) and children (83%) overestimated child moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) beyond 30 minutes/day. The majority of parents (87%) and children (85%) also underestimated child sedentary behaviour by at least 3 hours/day. Older children were more likely to overestimate physical activity and underestimate sedentary behaviour than younger children. This study highlighted the lack of awareness among parents and children regarding child physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Health promotion efforts should focus on raising awareness levels among parents and children to initiate behaviour change

Digital Watermarking: Digital Data Hiding techniques for BMP Images

Purpose: This research evaluates the digital watermarking technology further for hide/retrieved data into the BMP file by manipulating the contents their pixel value using least significant bits (LSB) approach. Methodology: Various experiments have been applied on the pixel value of the BMP file to hide/store the maximum data. With a condition the size and the quality of the BMP file will not change. The trail and error methods have been used or applied to check the various sizes with various qualities. Findings: The study finds that the any digital data can be hiding into the BMP file by manipulating the contents of the Red Green Blue (RGB) value by applying least significant approach. Originality/Value: Due to the growing usage of multimedia content on the internet, serious issues have emerged. Counterfeiting, forgery fraud and pirating of this content are rising. The research is a mechanism which can help resolve the ownership issues for digital data

Comparison of intraperitoneal instillation of ropivacaine with normal saline in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: Local anesthetics are now widely used, as they have a good safety profile and are available in long acting preparation. They provide the benefit of analgesia without systemic side effects that may result from use of enterally and parenterally administered drugs.Methods: This prospective randomized double-blind study was conducted on 100 patients with symptomatic gall stones disease undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients were randomized to receive either 0.5% of 3mg/kg of Ropivacaine diluted in 100 ml NS, instillation at intraperitoneal space before creation of pneumoperitoneum (group I) or 100 ml NS instillation at intra peritoneal space before creation of pneumoperitoneum (group II). VAS score for pain abdomen as well as shoulder were recorded postoperatively at various time intervals and compared in both the groups. Total analgesic consumption in 24hrs was also noted and compared.Results: The mean postoperative VAS score for abdomen and shoulder pain was significantly (p values<0.05) lower in group I than in group II till 24 hrs postoperatively. The latency time from end of operation to first analgesic requirement was significantly longer in group I than in group II.Conclusions: Intraperitoneal instillation of Ropivacaine before the creation of pneumoperitoneum significantly decreased the total abdominal pain, shoulder tip pain with lower analgesic consumption. As it is safe and without apparent side effects, we believe that intraperitoneal instillation of local anaesthetic in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy is an effective modality for postoperative pain management

Digital Watermarking: Digital Data Hiding techniques for BMP Images

Purpose: This research evaluates the digital watermarking technology further for hide/retrieved data into the BMP file by manipulating the contents their pixel value using least significant bits (LSB) approach. Methodology: Various experiments have been applied on the pixel value of the BMP file to hide/store the maximum data. With a condition the size and the quality of the BMP file will not change. The trail and error methods have been used or applied to check the various sizes with various qualities. Findings: The study finds that the any digital data can be hiding into the BMP file by manipulating the contents of the Red Green Blue (RGB) value by applying least significant approach. Originality/Value: Due to the growing usage of multimedia content on the internet, serious issues have emerged. Counterfeiting, forgery fraud and pirating of this content are rising. The research is a mechanism which can help resolve the ownership issues for digital data

COMPARISON OF 1% CHLOROPROCAINE IN SUB-ARACHNOID BLOCK WITH OR WITHOUT FENTANYL FOR ENHANCED RECOVERY AFTER PERIANAL SURGERIES

Objective: Spinal anesthesia is a reliable and safe technique for procedures of lower abdomen, perianal surgeries, and lower limbs. The current availability of short acting local anesthetic agents like preservative free 1% chloroprocaine has renewed the interest for this technique in short- and ultra-short procedures. Opioids continue to be the most commonly added adjuvants in local anesthetics for potentiation of analgesic action. In this study, we investigated the effect of intrathecal fentanyl as an adjuvant to 1% chloroprocaine in patients undergoing perianal surgeries. Methods: This prospective, randomized, and comparative study was conducted in 80 ASA Physical status I and II adult patients (age 20–80 years) undergoing perianal surgeries under spinal anesthesia. Group A patients received 1% chloroprocaine 3 ml (30 mg) and 0.4ml saline and Group B patients received 1% chloroprocaine 3 ml (30 mg) with fentanyl 0.4 ml (20 μg). Primary objectives were duration of analgesia and time to unassisted ambulation. Onset and duration of sensory and motor blockade, maximum height of sensory block, 2 segment regression, hemodynamic parameters, time to voiding, home discharge eligibility, and any side effects were also recorded. Results: There were no significant differences in demographic characteristics and hemodynamic parameters. The duration of sensory block and duration of analgesia were statistically prolonged in Group B than Group A (p&lt;0.001) without affecting recovery from motor block and time to unassisted ambulation. The adverse effects were comparable in both the groups. Conclusion: The addition of fentanyl to 1% chloroprocaine intrathecally prolonged the duration of analgesia and sensory block in patients undergoing perianal surgeries

COMPARISON OF INTERMITTENT BOLUS AND CONTINUOUS INFUSION OF 0.1% LEVOBUPIVACAINE WITH FENTANYL FOR EPIDURAL LABOR ANALGESIA

Objectives: This study was carried out to compare intermittent bolus and continuous infusion for epidural labor analgesia in terms of total dose requirement of local anesthetic and quality of analgesia as primary objective. Secondary objective was level of sensory block, motor block, hemodynamic variables, mode of delivery, duration of second stage, neonatal outcome, side effects, and postpartum complications. Methods: Eighty women of ASA physical status I or II, with single pregnancy, cephalic presentation and cervical dilatation 3–5 cm, that is, during active labor were included in the study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. In Group A, a bolus of 8 ml of 0.1% levobupivacaine (plain) with fentanyl 2 mcg/ml was given every hour and in Group B, an infusion of 0.1% levobupivacaine (plain) with fentanyl 2 mcg/ml at 8 ml/h was given. Pain scores using visual analog scale and verbal rating score, additional bolus requirement and total dose of local anesthetic, motor blockade, fetal and neonatal outcome, mode of delivery, and duration of second stage were recorded and compared. Side effects and postpartum complications if any were documented. Results: Additional bolus requirement and total dose of local anesthetic were significantly high in Group B (45.60±6.67 mg) as compared to Group A (34.20±5.58 mg). There was no difference in the quality of analgesia, neonatal outcome, mode of delivery, duration of second stage, side effects, and complications. Conclusion: Intermittent epidural bolus is better in terms of less drug consumption and less number of additional bolus requirement

Low Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block with Dexmedetomidine and Clonidine as Adjuvants to Local Anaesthetic Mixture: A Double-blind Randomised Clinical Study

Introduction: For routine and emergency upper limb surgeries, brachial plexus block is better alternative to general anaesthesia. As compared to classic Interscalene brachial plexus Block (ISB), Low Interscalene Block (LISB) deposit Local Anaesthetic (LA) more caudad causing sensory-motor blockade of upper limb. It acts as bridge between supraclavicular and classic ISB. Local anaesthetic mixture are used to shorten the onset of sensory-motor blockade. Alongside, various adjuvants are mixed with LA to further improve quality of block. Aim: To compare the efficacy of dexmedetomidine and clonidine as adjuvants to LA mixture in LISB for upper limb surgeries to assess onset and duration of sensory-motor block and to observe any complication associated with block. Materials and Methods: This double-blind, randomised prospective clinical study was conducted on 90 patients, aged 18-60 years, posted for upper limb surgeries with American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade I, II at a tertiary care centre of Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India from February 2021 to November 2021. The patients were randomly divided into three groups. Group I: levo-bupivacaine 0.5% (20 mL)+lignocaine 2% (10 mL)+Normal Saline (NS) (1 mL), group II: levo-bupivacaine 0.5% (20 mL)+lignocaine 2% (10 mL)+dexmedetomidine 50 mcg (1 mL), group III: levo-bupivacaine 0.5% (20 mL)+lignocaine 2% (10 mL)+clonidine 50 mcg (1 mL). The parameters observed were: onset and duration of sensory and motor block, any intraoperative complication. Data was compiled with the help of MS-Excel and analysis done with IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Results: The mean onset time of sensory and motor block was faster in group II (4.20±0.62, 5.25±0.89 min) as compared to group III (5.24±0.99, 6.23±0.96 min) and group I (6.48±0.87, 7.03±1.02 min). The mean duration of sensory and motor block was prolonged in group II (743.38±12.55, 673.21±22.29 min) as compared to group III (480.65±14.72, 433.03±7.28 min) and group I (311.28±5.75, 272.03±6.09 min). No adverse effect was observed during this study. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine was more effective than clonidine as an adjuvant to LA mixture (0.5% levobupivaciane+2% lignocaine) in low interscalene brachial plexus block and no episode of pneumothorax and phrenic nerve palsy was seen