Effect of L-isoleucine and L-phenylalanine Addition on Aroma Compound Formation During Longan Juice Fermentation by a Co-culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Williopsis saturnus

Some amino acids are known to be precursors of aroma-active compounds produced by yeast metabolism. Thisstudy examined the effect of the addition of L-isoleucine and L-phenylalanine on the volatile profiles of longan winefermented by a co-culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. bayanus EC-1118 and Williopsis saturnus var. saturnusCBS254 inoculated at a ratio of 1:1 000 cfu/mL with the aim of enhancing longan wine aroma. Significantly higherconcentrations of active amyl alcohol (2-methyl-1-butanol), 2-phenylethyl alcohol and their corresponding acetateesters were found in the longan wine with added L-isoleucine and L-phenylalanine respectively, compared with thecontrol (without added amino acids). The biosynthesis of other volatile compounds was either similar or minimallydifferent, although the formation of some acetate esters, such as isoamyl acetate, hexyl acetate and ethyl acetate,was decreased. These results suggest that the added amino acids play an important role in enhancing the productionof targeted aroma compounds in longan wine fermented with mixed yeasts, and that the addition of selected aminoacids can be a valuable tool to modulate the formation of aroma compounds in longan wine

Effect of L-isoleucine and L-phenylalanine addition on aroma compound formation during longan juice fermentation by a co-culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Williopsis saturnus

South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture312116-12

Factors Influencing Vietnamese Dentistry Students' Autonomy: A Q-Methodology Study

Objectives: Students' self-learning ability is an important factor that directly influences learning outcomes. Studies of students' self-learning problems have been widely conducted on students in different majors in Vietnam but not on dental students. The purpose of the current study is to explore factors influencing dentistry freshmen's autonomy in Vietnam by using Q-methodology. Methods: Q-methodology was applied to identify the factors affecting learners' autonomy. A Q-sample of 47 statements was developed based on the review of the literature and student interviews. The study recruited 29 first-year students from Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy. They were required to sort statements of Q-sample into a Q-distribution grid according to the degree of influence of the factors on their self-learning. The data collected were analyzed using PQ Method software version 2.35. Results: There were two main factors affecting students' autonomy: Factor 1-autonomy-supportive environment, and Factor 2-smartphone usage, which accounted for 35% of the total variance of study. Conclusions: Lacking of clear teachers' guidance, assessment on self-learner study and abusing of social apps on smartphone may affect student autonomy. Especially, freshmen do not recognise the important of subjects in basic science with their future job for becoming a doctor. The findings may help students, teachers, and education managers to find the best solutions to improve learner autonomy problems. © 2020 ACM

Diets, Food Choices and Environmental Impacts across an Urban-Rural Interface in Northern Vietnam

Human diets and their associated environmental impacts differ across segments of the population. There is evidence that consumer choices of food intake can also affect the overall environmental impacts of a food system. This paper analyzes the environmental impact of diets and food choices across a rural–urban transect in Northern Vietnam by using mixed survey data from 619 adult respondents. The average greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) resulting from producing the daily food intake of adults in the urban and peri-urban districts were similar, while the average in the rural district was lower. Although starchy staples contributed the most to energy intake, pork and beef were the largest contributors to GHGE. Metrics of blue water use were higher for diets of males than those of females in all three districts. Interestingly, the difference in mean diet diversity score between urban and rural households was significant, and females’ diets were more diverse than those of males. As expected, urban households were more likely to buy food, while rural households often produced their own foods. Urban households reported prioritizing personal health and the natural content of food and would increase seafood and fruits if their income were to increase. In rural regions, interventions aimed at reducing undernutrition should address improving diet quality without significant increases to diet-related environmental impacts

Partial food systems baseline assessment at the Vietnam benchmark sites

Using data collected from a cross-sectional study in Moc Chau, Dong Anh and Cau Giay districts in Vietnam, this report aims to elucidate specific components of local Vietnamese food systems along a rural to urban transect focusing specifically on (i) diets, (ii) nutrition status (anthropometry), (iii) consumer behavior, (iv) food environment, and (v) food flows