Reproduktivni pokazatelji i razvoj jagnjadi do odbijanja kod svrljiške pramenke

As regards a race structure of sheep in Serbia a domestic tuft sheep, Pramenka, is still a dominant one (about 80%). There is a great number of Pramenka breed types, its crossbreds with different breeds, as well as the crossbreds of Pramenka with improved breeds. Improving of domestic tuft sheep, in the last two decades, was directed mostly towards improving the production of lamb meat, where württemberg and Ile de France were most often improving breeds used. The improvement of sheep in 50-ties and 60-ties of the last century was carried out with the aim of improving all three productions (meat, milk, wool), while one of the more important and organised projects was "merinozation", ie., improving by Merino sheep. In spite of all controlled and random breeding activities realized in the process of improving the sheep stock in Serbia, Pramenka is still the most important sheep in a breed structure. A Svrljig type (second in importance, after Sjenica type) is a particularly distin gushed one. Svrljig breed is significant both for the size of its population and areas of its raising, as well as traditionaly recognizable products made from the sheep of this breed (svrljiski cheese, homoljsko lamb). A format, body weight of adult animals of Svrljig sheep, together with their well-known milk yield, are good prerequisites for the production of lamb meat. Sheep fertility is a major factor on which the yield of meat per sheep depends, being restricted by both genetic predispositions (a breed trait), and paragenetic factors (rearing conditions, season, age, etc.). It is well-known that lambs body weight gain is the most intensive in the first three months after birth so exactly in this period the optimal conditions must be provided in order that genetic potential in meat production should be completely expressed. In a population of 393 lambed sheep of Svrljig Pramenka sheep, raised on 11 private farms, a fertility of sheep and body weight gain of lambs from birth till weaning was analyzed. A body weight of lambs at birth ranged from 2,3 to 5,5 kg, body weight on 30. day was 7,5 kg to 15 kg, and body weight at weaning from 26 to 36 kg. Lambs breed and sex had a significant effect on studied indicators of lamb development.U radu su prikazani rezultati koji se odnose na plodnost ovaca i razvoj jagnjadi svrljiške pramenke, a koji su utvrđeni u populaciji od 393 ojagnjene ovce, gajene na ukupno 11 privatnih gazdinstava. Plodnost ovaca prosečno je iznosila 111,45%, sa variranjem po gazdinstvima od 106,06 do 119,35%. Praćen je razoj jagnjadi od rođenja do odbijanja. Masa jagnjadi na rođenju kretala se od 2,3 do 5,5 kg, masa sa 30 dana 7,5 kg do 15 kg, a masa pri odbijanju 26 do 36 kg. Tip jagnjenja i različiti odgajivački uslovi na gazdinstvima visokoznačajno (p lt 0,01) su uticali na masu jagnjadi pri rođenju, sa 30 dana i pri odbijanju. Pol jagnjadi kod jedinaca visoko-značajno (p lt 0,01) je uticao na telesnu masu u sva tri kontrolna merenja, dok kod blizanaca po polovima razlike u telesnoj masi sa 30 dana i pri odbijanju nisu bile statistički značajne (p>0,01)

Sistemi držanja goveda

In intensive milk production particular attention is given to genetic improvement of cattle for high milk production and high quality of milk. Such trend should be followed by improvement of non genetic factors through technology and management. This is related to up to date solutions for high milk production, better cow reproduction, increase of productivity, better working conditions, better housing, efficient health protection and hygienic conditions, better technology of cow feeding, etc. It is known that two systems of cattle housing are present: free stalls and station barn with a number of modifications, among which the frequently mentioned one is semi-free stall as a combination of the two basic ones. Some variations within two systems are due to farm, climate and other differences. Based on a number of investigations, it is found that station barns have some advantage when milk yield is considered, while free stalls have preference when the reproduction of cows, productivity of labor, health protection and longevity of cows are considered.Prema postojećim saznanjima o vezanom (tradicionalnom) i slobodnom (savremenom) sistemu držanja ne raspolaže se u dovoljnoj meri sa rezultatima na osnovu kojih bi se dobio potpuniji odgovor na određeni broj pitanja vezanih za ovu problematiku. Ovakva istraživanja karakteriše nemogućnost ujednačavanja genetskog potencijala grla, nedovoljno usaglašavanje metodologija rada, kao ni stepen primenjene tehnologije, različit nivo radne discipline, starosna struktura zapata, način ishrane i slično. Analiziranjem rezultata o prinosu mleka uočavaju se velike razlike, gde upravo iz navedenih razloga se ne mogu u potpunosti dati valjana objašnjenja. Upravo zbog toga, do sada postignute rezultate ne možemo na određeni način smatrati konačnim. Koji će se od navedena dva osnovna sistema držanja krava u konkretnim uslovima primeniti, zavisi od niza okolnosti, kao i od visine ulaganja sredstava. S obzirom na ispoljenu tendenciju povećanja broja grla u stadu i specijalizacije proizvodnje, za očekivati je da će se broj farmi sa slobodnim kretanjem krava i mužom u izmuzištu povećati, odnosno da je budućnost u govedarskoj proizvodnji na strani slobodnog sistema držanja

Uticaj udela gena crvenog holštajna na reproduktivne i proizvodne osobine prvotelki simentalske rase

Certain reproductive and performance traits of first calving Simmental cows, as well as the demonstration of those traits depending on the participations of different proportions of Red Holstein-Friesian genes (HF), were investigated. The investigation included 176 first calving cows, divided according to percentage of HF genes, in 5 groups (0%, 12,5%, 25%, 37,5%, 50%). Statistical analysis of data was done by method of Least squares (LSMLMW, Harvey, 1989). The effect of age at first fertilization was highly significant variated between groups of first calving cows and the youngest was in the fifth group (the group with 50% of HF genes), which were fertilized at 520,8 days. The average age at first conception for alln examined groups was 536,7 days. Least squares results shown that different proportion of HF genes was not significant (P>0,05) body weight of calves. The least body weight of calves was in group of first calving cows with 50% HF genes. The duration of pregnancy was 283,3 days and between different groups were not significant (P>0,05). The biggest values of service period and lactation were in the fifth group. The average period of lactation was 321,32 days and the longest (348,5 days) were established in fifth group cows 50% IIF genes. The average milk yield was 4224,34 kg with 3,83% milk fat or 4116,6kg 4%FCM. Cows with 50% HF genes produced more milk compared to the cows in other groups. Established results have shown that with increasing proportion of HF genes service period between calving interval and duration of lactation were longer. Also, with increasing of proportion of HF genes the milk yield and yield milk fat were raised while percent of milk fat was lower.Ispitivane su reproduktivne i proizvodne osobine prvotelki i meleza dobijenih meliorativnim ukrštanjem simentalske i crveno-bele holštajn-frizijske rase. Ukupno je ispitivanjem bilo obuhvaćeno 176 prvotelki podeljenih u pet grupa-sekcija, razvrstanih prema udelu gena crvenog holštajna (HF-RED) u simentalskoj rasi. Analiza uticaja udela gena crvenog holštajna (0%, 12,5%, 25%, 37,5%, 50%) na posmatrane reproduktivne i proizvodne osobine obavljena je metodom najmanjih kvadrata (LSMLM.W, Harvey 1987). Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju daje udeo gena crvenog holštajna imao značajnog uticaja (P lt 0,01) na sve ispitivane proizvodne osobine (trajanje laktacije, proizvodnju mleka i mlečne masti u celoj i standardnoj laktaciji, procenat masti u mleku i proizvodnju 4%MKM) kao i uzrast grla pri prvoj oplodnji i trajanje servis-perioda. Masa teladi pri rođenju i trajanje bremenitosti nisu značajno (P>0,05) zavisili od učešća HF-RED gena

Uticaj farme i meseca laktacije na mlečnost ovaca

The production of milk in a sheep breed households was 128.05 kg, with variations between 123.14 and 138.63 kg. Period of lactation was 165.04 days. Content of milk fat was 6.53%. There were significant differences in dependence of farms. Maximal daily production was in the first month of lactation. Milk yield was 1.046 kg. From the beginning till the end of lactation, milk yield was reduced for 0.479 kg, so at the end the yield was 0.567 kg. Content of milk fat at the first control was 5.30%, at the second, 6.23%, at the third, 6.98% and at the fourth control it was 7.62%. The influence was very significant on the daily production of milk.U ovom radu prikazani su rezultati kontrole mlečnosti kod ovaca svrljiške pramenke. Istraživanje je obavljeno na šest gazdinstava i ukupno je kontrolisano 130 grla. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata utvrđeno je trajanje laktacionog perioda od 165,04 dana. Količina proizvedenog mleka prosečno je iznosila 128,05 kg, u kojem je bilo 6,53% mlečne masti. Podaci pokazuju da postoji vrlo značajna statistička razlika (P (lt) 0,01) u prinosu mleka između ovaca na gazdinstvu III u odnosu na II gazdinsitvo. Razlika je iznosila 15,49 kg ili 12,58%. Razlike između gazdinstava III > IV od 10,30 kg (8,03%); III > II od 9,86 kg (7,66%) bile su takođe statistički vrlo značajne (P (lt) 0,01). Prosečna dnevna mlečnost se smanjivala od prve do četvrte kontrole, tj. laktacija je imala stalni descendentni tok. Količina dnevne mlečnosti 30-tog dana laktacije tj. kod prve kontrole prosečno je iznosila 1,046 kg, druge kontrole 0,878 kg, treće 0,736 kg i četvrte 0,567 kg. Sadržaj mlečne masti u mleku se povećava od prve do četvrte kontrole. Vrednosti su bile 5,30% mlečne masti kod prve, 6,23% druge, 6,98% treće i 7,62% četvrte kontrole. Gazdinstvo tj. farma je imala značajan uticaj na ukupnu količinu namuženog mleka

Uticaj nivoa mlečnosti na osobine plodnosti krava crno bele rase

In this study a relationship between the milk yield and following reproduction traits: number of inseminations per conception [AIS], service period [SP], age at calving [AC], calving interval [CI] and birth weight [BW] is studied. The research involved dairy cows of European type of Black and White cattle which are being intensively improved by the genes of Holstein - Friesian breed. Mean values of general average for number of inseminations per conception, service period, age at calving, calving interval and birth weight are: 2.00; 98.78; 1088.08; 376.70 and 36.40, respectively. In general, the estimated phenotypic correlations (rp) between the milk yield over standard lactations and fertility traits were positive and unfavorable, and ranged from 0.24 for the relationship between milk yield and birth weight to 0.70 for relationship between milk yield and age at calving.U radu je ispitivan odnos između prinosa mleka i sledećih osobina plodnosti: indeks osemenjavanja [IO], servis period [SP], uzrast pri teljenju [UT], međutelidbeni interval [MI] i masa teladi pri rođenju [MTR]. Ispitivanja su se odnosila na mlečne krave evropskog tipa crno-belih goveda koje se intenzivno oplemenjuju genima holštajn-frizijske rase. Za analizu je korišćen Metod najmanjih kvadrata - LSMLMW (HARVEY, 1990), fiksni model. Srednje vrednosti opšteg proseka za indeks osemenjavanja, servis period, uzrast pri teljenju, međutelidbeni interval i masu teladi pri rođenju su: 2,00; 98,78; 1088,08 ; 376,70 i 36,40, respektivno. Procenjene fenotipske korelacije (rp) između prinosa mleka i osobina plodnosti generalno su bile pozitivne i nepovoljne, i imale su vrednosti od 0,24 za odnos između prinosa mleka i masu teladi pri rođenju do 0,70 za odnos između prinosa mleka i uzrasta pri teljenju

Proizvodni pokazatelji Virtemberške rase ovaca na jednoj privatnoj farmi

In this paper, productive results of Wirtemberg race on private farm Stojnik, were presented. Duration of gestation was in average around 147 days. Average fertility was 134,4% with the variations from 126,4 to 145,0%. Difference in body weight lambing between singles and twins of 0,93 kg or 19,4% in favor of singles, was statistically high significant (P lt 0,01). High significant differences were also stated between sexes of new borned lambs. Body weight at lambing of singles was in average 5,24 kg (males - 5,98 kg, females - 5,38 kg), while average values in twins were 4,80 kg in average, according to sexes were in average 4,80 kg and according to sexes 4,95 kg (males) and 4,65 kg (females) individuals. At the age of go days, twins had body weight of 24,03 kg and singles 27,21 kg. Singles are at this age kept favourin body weight which they have at lambing. Average body weight of lambs with 60 days. Age was 25,62 kg. This result can betaken as satisfactory one. Average wool yield was 4,11 kg with absolute variations from 2,5 to 6,0 kg. At the basis of stated results, it can be concluded that they are pretty good having in mind overall environmental conditions of raising and production.U ovom radu su prikazani proizvodni pokazatelji Virtemberške rase ovaca na privatnoj farmi u Stojniku. Utvrđeno je da je dužina trajanja bremenitosti prosečno iznosila 147,27 dana. Plodnost ovaca bila je 134,36%, što je bliže donjoj granici očekivane plodnosti. Telesna masa jagnjadi pri rođenju bila je kod jedinaca 5,71 kg a blizanaca 4,78 kg. U uzrastu od 60 dana masa jedinaca iznosila je 27,21 kg a blizanaca 24,03 kg. Jedinci su i u ovom uzrastu ostvarili veće telesne mase od blizanaca što je statistički bilo vrlo značajno (P lt 0,01). Prinos vune kod ovaca prosečno je iznosio 4,11 kg

Simentalska rasa i njen značaj u proizvodnji mleka

A present state in a cattle production in our country has been analyzed in this paper, with a special emphasis being given to the state in Simmental breed, which makes, according to some estimates, about 80-85% of total cattle stock in Serbia. Cattle breeding in Serbia is characterized by an unfavorable situation, especially expressed in a negative trend in a number of cattle. This fact is extremely adverse in this period, when we need to gain the grounds for milk production quotas what seems to be the greatest problem of the EU countries as well. A production of beef meat over a last few years has been stagnating at a very low level, so that even the smallest export quotas have not been realized. As a small producer of beef meat, the most wanted product of cattle breeding, our country cannot consider itself as a serious bidder in any of the markets. Out of these reasons as a priority in agro politics of our country there is an imposed need for constant application and acknowledgment of new stimulative measures in cattle breeding with the aim of creating as greater a number of goods producers of milk and meat, especially beef meat for export, as possible. Possibilities for development of cattle breeding in Serbia do exist and are reflexed in available agricultural land, working force, farm buildings and processing capacities, as well as the experts and research workers. It is necessary to increase livestock, enlarge production, decrease a number of petty producers and engage thoroughly in organizing and directing of production for both domestic and export needs.U radu su prikazani proizvodni rezultati populacije goveda simentalske rase u zemljama Evrope i kod nas. Ukazano je i na višedecenijski negativan trend prisutan u govedarstvu Srbije, koji se ogleda posebno preko izraženog negativnog trenda broja goveda. Ta činjenica posebno je nepovoljna u ovom periodu, kada se stiču osnove za buduće proizvodne kvote za mleko, koje su i najveći problem zemalja EU. Proizvodnja goveđeg mesa poslednjih nekoliko godina stagnira na vrlo niskom nivou. Kao mali proizvođač junećeg mesa, naša zemlja se ni na jednom tržištu ne može pojaviti kao ozbiljan ponuđač, jer ne zadovoljava istovremeno tri vrlo bitna faktora važna za proizvodnju i izvoz proizvoda, a to su kvalitet, kvantitet i kontinuitet proizvodnje. Iz tih razloga nameće se kao prioritet u agrarnoj politici naše zemlje, stalna primena i odobravanje novih podsticajnih mera u govedarstvu u cilju stvaranja što većeg broja robnih proizvođača mleka i mesa, posebno junećeg mesa namenjenog izvozu. Razvojne mogućnosti govedarstva Srbije postoje, i ogledaju se kroz raspoložive poljoprivredne površine, radnu snagu, farmske objekte i prerađivačke kapacitete, stručne i naučne radnike

Uticaj farme i meseca laktacije na mlečnost ovaca

The production of milk in a sheep breed households was 128.05 kg, with variations between 123.14 and 138.63 kg. Period of lactation was 165.04 days. Content of milk fat was 6.53%. There were significant differences in dependence of farms. Maximal daily production was in the first month of lactation. Milk yield was 1.046 kg. From the beginning till the end of lactation, milk yield was reduced for 0.479 kg, so at the end the yield was 0.567 kg. Content of milk fat at the first control was 5.30%, at the second, 6.23%, at the third, 6.98% and at the fourth control it was 7.62%. The influence was very significant on the daily production of milk.U ovom radu prikazani su rezultati kontrole mlečnosti kod ovaca svrljiške pramenke. Istraživanje je obavljeno na šest gazdinstava i ukupno je kontrolisano 130 grla. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata utvrđeno je trajanje laktacionog perioda od 165,04 dana. Količina proizvedenog mleka prosečno je iznosila 128,05 kg, u kojem je bilo 6,53% mlečne masti. Podaci pokazuju da postoji vrlo značajna statistička razlika (P lt 0,01) u prinosu mleka između ovaca na gazdinstvu III u odnosu na II gazdinsitvo. Razlika je iznosila 15,49 kg ili 12,58%. Razlike između gazdinstava III > IV od 10,30 kg (8,03%); III > II od 9,86 kg (7,66%) bile su takođe statistički vrlo značajne (P lt 0,01). Prosečna dnevna mlečnost se smanjivala od prve do četvrte kontrole, tj. laktacija je imala stalni descendentni tok. Količina dnevne mlečnosti 30-tog dana laktacije tj. kod prve kontrole prosečno je iznosila 1,046 kg, druge kontrole 0,878 kg, treće 0,736 kg i četvrte 0,567 kg. Sadržaj mlečne masti u mleku se povećava od prve do četvrte kontrole. Vrednosti su bile 5,30% mlečne masti kod prve, 6,23% druge, 6,98% treće i 7,62% četvrte kontrole. Gazdinstvo tj. farma je imala značajan uticaj na ukupnu količinu namuženog mleka