An Analysis of Business Administration Graduates from Utah State University 1956 to 1965

In 1891, Utah State University began offering a two-year business course to its students. With this early beginning, Utah State Claims the second oldest business school west of the Mississippi River. In 1900, the School of Commerce was organized. It was not until 1956, the beginning year for this study, that the College of Business and Social Studies came into being. Prior to 1956, the only majors available to business students were Business Administration and Business Management. In 1957, Accounting, Industrial Management, and Merchandising majors were offered. The department began to expand and diversify the curriculum. Changes were made to modernize the department and bring it closer to the structure of leading business schools throughout the nation. The major of Business Administration was dropped in 1960, since it was felt that this course of study was too general for today\u27s business student. The year 1960 also saw the course offerings in Merchandising become streamlined. Some courses were dropped and new courses added, and the name of this major was changed to marketing. In 1961, the majors of Business Management and Industrial Management were dropped from the curriculum and the new major of Production Management replaced them in 1962. In 1962, Finance and Personnel majors were also added to bring the department to its present form

Paris Climate Agreement: Beacon of Hope

Climate Change; Climate Change Management and Policy; Energy Economic

Paris Climate Agreement: Beacon of Hope

Climate Change; Climate Change Management and Policy; Energy Economic

Quantification of Stratospheric Ozone Recovery Due to Anthropogenic Halogens

Human release of CFCs and other ozone depleting substances (ODS) has led to a slow, steady erosion of the thickness of the global ozone layer over the past several decades. The ozone layer has begun to recover due to actions taken under the Montreal Protocol, which has led to a decrease in the atmospheric abundance of ozone depleting substances. Yet, unreported emissions of CFC-11 have led to a slower than expected decline, and there has been a rise in the atmospheric abundance of chlorinated very short lived (VSL) compounds not regulated under the Montreal Protocol. In this presentation, we examine time series of ozone and halogens from a variety of observational platforms to quantify the attribution of the change in stratospheric ozone that is due to halogens. Our focus is on the extra-polar region: i.e., the state of the ozone layer between 55S and 55N where the vast majority of the world’s population resides. We will quantify the effect of continued release of CFC-11 and the presence of chlorinated VSL species on the recovery of the ozone layer. Additionally, we will use atmospheric observations to evaluate several proposed formulations for defining the quantity known as “Equivalent Effective Stratospheric Chlorine” (EESC) and assess the impact of these formulations on the projected recovery of the ozone layer

Analysis of trends in total stratospheric ozone

Time series of total column ozone have exhibited unusual, unexpected behavior over the past few years. In year 2016, total ozone was lower than expected based on some forecasts that utilize the time evolution of equivalent effective stratosphere chlorine (EESC). Conversely, total column ozone exhibited a sharp rise in 2017. The existence of a new formulation (i.e., Engel et al., ACP, 2017) for the fractional release factors (FRFs) used to find EESC for mid-latitude lower stratospheric air parcels, the contribution of very short-lived chlorine and bromine compounds to EESC, as well as possible temporal variations in tropospheric column ozone compound the difficulty in establishing a quantitative relationship between the time evolution of EESC and stratospheric ozone. This presentation will consist of an analysis of the ~40 year record of total column ozone measured from space (e.g., version 8.6 of the NASA SBUV Merged Ozone Data Set at the time of abstract submission), along with: a) stratospheric chlorine loading from various satellite instruments as well as the long-term ground-based measurement from Jungfraujoch, Switzerland; b) various other quantities that affect the long-term evolution of stratospheric ozone (e.g., total solar irradiance, stratospheric optical depth, quasi-biennial oscillation of the direction of tropical stratospheric winds) c) estimates of tropospheric column ozone to assess our understanding of trends in total stratospheric ozone. Preliminary results indicate better quantitative understanding is attained for the new FRFs, which lead to a more gradual recovery of total stratospheric ozone than is found using the old FRFs. Reference: Engel, A. et al., ACP, 18, 601619, doi:10.5194/acp-18-601-2018, 2018