Uticaj genotipa i sistema držanja na proizvodne rezultate pilića u tovu

Investigation was carried out on 500 Arbor Acres and Redbro chickens. First group of 30 male and female chickens per genotype was slaughtered after 12 h period of food deprivation. Second group remained in the facility and was fattened until 50. day. Third group was reared for 50 days but in a semi intensive system, with use of 20 m² and free range area of 1 m²/bird. Nutrition was based on mixture of ground corn, barley, vitamins mineral additive and 30% of complete forage mixture. All chickens, subsequent to finished fattening period (50 days) were weighed and after 12 h food deprivation period were slaughtered. Arbor Acres chickens at the age of 42 days had lower mortality (3.80%), better feed conversion (1.868) and higher realized value of production index (206.73) compared to Redbro chickens. Chickens reared in the facility have realized considerably higher body mass (1820.33 g) compared to free range chickens (1667.50 g). Chickens at the age of 50 days had higher carcass yield compared to chickens at the age of 42 days. Carcass yields 'traditional processing' and 'ready to roast' were considerably higher in chickens at the age of 50 days (83.53 and 76.59) compared to carcass yields of chickens at the age of 42 days (82.61 and 75.68). Chickens reared in the facility (chicken coop) (83.86) had higher carcass yields 'traditional processing' than free range chickens. Other yields in chickens were considerably higher in chickens reared in the facility (76.56 and 67.13) than in free range chickens (75.76 and 65.45).Ispitivanje je obavljeno na po 500 pilića Arbor Acres i Redbro. Prva grupa pilića od po 30 petlića i kokica po genotipu je nakon 12 sati gladovanja zaklana. Druga grupa je ostala u objektu i tovila se da 50. dana. Treća grupa se odgajala do 50.dana u poluintenzivnom sistemu koji je podrazumevao koriščenje objakta 20 m² i ispust površine 1 m²/grlo. Ishrana se zasnivala na smeši prekrupe kukuruza, ječma, vitaminsko mineralnog dodatka i 30% potpune krmne smeše. Svi pilići su nakon završenog tova (50. dan) izmereni i nakon 12 sati gladovanja zaklani. Pilići Arbor Acres su u uzrastu od 42 dana imali manji mortalitet (3,80%), bolju konverziju hrane (1,868) i veću ostvarenu vrednost proizvodnog indeksa (206,73) od pilića Redbro. Pilići odgajani u objektu su postigli značajno veću telesnu masu (1820,33 g) u odnosu na piliće sa ispusta (1667,50 g). Pilića uzrasta 50. dana su imali veće randmane u odnosu na piliće sa 42 dana uzrasta. Randmani 'klasična obrada' i 'spremno za pečenje' su bili značajno veći kod pilića u uzrastu 50 dana (83,53 i 76,59) u odnosu na randmane trupova pilića sa 42 dana (82,61 i 75,68). Pilići odgajani u objektu (83,86) su imali veće randmane 'klasična obrada' od pilića odgajanih na ispustu. Ostali randmani kod pilića su značajno bili veći kod pilića odgajanih u objektu (76,56 i 67,13) nego kod pilića na ispust (75,76 i 65,45)

Prisustvo potencijalno toksigenih gljiva u hrani za živinu

In Serbia, commercial feedstuffs are an important component in modern animal husbandry, but there is no information available about fungal contamination. Because of that the aim of this study was to determine the mycoflora incidence in poultry feeds. A total of 230 samples of poultry feeds were examined for total fungi count and the presence of potential toxigenic fungi genera. Total fungi count were 1-9 x 104 CFU g-1 in the most of investigated poultry feed samples (38.26%). The most prevalent fungi genera were Fusarium (56.09%) and Aspergillus (54.35%), followed by Rhizopus (40%), Penicillium (30.87%), Mucor (30.04%) and the least frequency species were from genus Alternaria (3.48%).U Srbiji komercijalna hrana za životinje je važna komponenta u savremenom stočarstvu, ali nema dostupnih informacija o kontaminiranosti ove hrane gljivama. Zbog toga cilj ovoga rada je bio određivanje sastava mikoflore u hrani za živinu. U ukupno 230 uzoraka hrane za živinu proučavani su ukupan broj gljiva i prisustvo potencijalno toksigenih rodova gljiva. U većini proučavanih uzoraka hrane za živinu (38.26%) ukupan broj gljiva bio je od 1-9 x 104 CFU g-1. Najzastupljeniji rodovi gljiva bili su Fusarium (56.09%) i Aspergillus (54.35%), zatim slede Rhizopus (40%), Penicillium (30.87%), Mucor (30.04%) a najmanje zastupljene vrste gljiva bile su iz roda Alternaria (3.48%)

Dinamika pojave i učestalosti populacija Fusarium vrsta na uskladištenom zrnu kukuruza

Production and providing of high quality maize grain are of primary importance for livestock production since maize is the main component of livestock feed. Contamination with fungi not only diminishes the quality of grain, but some fungi species can produce highly toxic compounds known as mycotoxins. Considering that maize is economically the most important grown plant in Serbia, content and intensity of frequency of these pathogen fungi species are investigated in maize stored in the storage facilities. Based on studies of the fungi incidence in stored maize intended for nutrition of livestock, it was established that during the period from February 2005 to March 2006, some fungi species were present successively (Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp.), other with interruptions of one (Nigrospora spp., Aspergillus spp., Acremonium spp., Alternaria spp), three (Mucor spp., Chaetomium spp., Rhizopus spp.) to four months (Cladosporium spp.), and also sporadically during three (Epicoccum spp., Rhizopus spp., Trichothecium spp.), two (Gliocladium spp.) or one month (Papulaspora spp., Phialophora spp.). Period June-October is the most critical for preservation of the quality of stored maize since the number of fungi species present (8−14 of total of 17 identified fungi genera) and their frequency during this period are the highest, especially of toxigenic species of Fusarium (43.5−62.5%) and Penicillium (10.0−33.5%) genera. Positive correlation (r = 0.5979**) between dynamics of incidence and frequency of isolated fungi species indicates that fungi with higher frequency of incidence remain longer on the grain during storage. F. verticillioides and F. subglutinans, of total of 6 identified Fusarium species were present on the grain during entire year and with the highest frequency (24.7% and 5.9%, respectively). During single year (2005) F. verticillioides was present in the highest percentage from February to October (22.0−39.5%), and F. subglutinans from April to October (8.0−12.5%), whereas the both species were isolated the least during winter period December-January (4.0−8.0% and 0.5−1.0%, respectively). F. graminearaum is the third toxigenic Fusarium species which from the mycotoxicological aspect can be important for period June-September when it is mostly present (5.0−11.0%). Incidence of other Fusarium species is sporadic (1.3% F. proliferatum, 1.0% F. sambucinum and 0.5% F. poae).Proizvodnja i obezbeđivanje visokog kvaliteta zrna kukuruza su od primarnog značaja za stočarsku proizvodnju jer je kukuruz osnovna komponenta stočne hrane. Zaraza gljivama ne samo da smanjuje kvalitet zrna, već neke vrste gljiva mogu produkovati visoko toksična jedinjenja, poznata kao mikotoksini. S obzirom da je kukuruz ekonomski najvažnija gajena biljka u Srbiji, sadržaj i intenzitet učestalosti ovih patogenih vrsta gljiva se ispituje u kukuruzu u skladištu. Na osnovu proučavanja pojave gljiva na uskladištenom kukuruzu, koji je bio namenjen za ishranu životinja, utvrđeno je da su u periodu od februara 2005. do marta 2006. godine neke gljive prisutne sukcesivno (Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp.), druge diskontinuirano sa prekidom od jednog (Nigrospora spp., Aspergillus spp., Acremonium spp., Alternaria spp), tri (Mucor spp., Chaetomium spp., Rhizopus spp.) ili četiri meseca (Cladosporium spp.), a treće sporadično u toku tri (Epicoccum spp., Rhizopus spp., Trichothecium spp.), dva (Gliocladium spp.) ili jednog meseca (Papulaspora spp., Phialophora spp.). Period jun-oktobar je najkritičniji za očuvanje kvaliteta uskladištenog kukuruza jer je brojnost (prisutno 8−14 od ukupno 17 identifikovanih rodova gljiva) i frekvencija gljiva u tom periodu najveća, posebno toksigenih vrsta iz rodova Fusarium (43.5−62.5%) i Penicillium (10.0−33.5%). Pozitivna korelacija (r = 0.5979**) između dinamike pojave i frekvencije izolovanih vrsta gljiva ukazuje da se gljive sa većom frekvencijom pojave duže održavaju na zrnu kukuruza tokom skladištenja. F. verticillioides i F. subglutinans su od ukupno šest identifikovanih vrsta roda Fusarium prisutne na zrnu tokom cele godine i sa najvećom frekvencijom (24.7% i 5.9%). U toku jedne godine (2005) F. verticillioides je u najvećem procentu prisutna od februara do oktobra (22.0−39.5%), a F. subglutinans od aprila do oktobra (8.0−12.5%), dok su obe vrste najmanje izolovane u zimskom periodu decembar-januar (4.0−8.0% i 0.5−1.0%). F. graminearum je treća toksigena vrsta roda Fusarium koja sa mikotoksikološkog aspekta može biti značajna za period jun-septembar kada se javlja u najvećem procentu (5.0−11.0%). Pojava ostalih vrsta roda Fusarium je sporadična (1.3% F. proliferatum, 1.0% F. sambucinum and 0.5% F. poae)

Uticaj primene enzima u ishrani živine na proizvodne rezultate i kvalitet proizvoda

The review of the latest results in application of enzymes in nutrition of poultry is presented in this paper. Results obtained in application of enzymes in nutrition of chickens and layer hens are presented. Investigations have demonstrated that addition of enzymes to diets in nutrition of fattening chickens resulted in improvement of production results and quality of the product. By adding certain enzyme preparations to diets in nutrition of chickens higher gain of body mass was realized as well as better feed conversion. Results are even better if enzymes are added to diets which contain more non-starch polysaccharides. These are the diets which contain considerable percentage of cereals (barley, wheat, rye, oats) and plant protein feeds (sunflower meal, rape seed oil meal, soy bean meal). Added enzymes in such diets increase the digestibility of certain nutritive substances (proteins, amino acids, mineral substances and crude fibres). Enzyme phytase is of special importance, application of this enzyme improves the utilization of phytine phosphorus and in this way the secretion of phytine phosphorus in the environment is reduced and pollution prevented. Similar results in regard to application of enzymes in nutrition of layer hens were obtained. Investigations have demonstrated that by adding certain enzyme preparations to diets used in nutrition of layers higher laying capacity and better egg quality are realized. Enzyme phytase is of special importance also in nutrition of layer hens. By application of this enzyme in nutrition of layers primarily better egg quality is realized (thicker and stronger egg shell, lower percentage of broken/cracked eggs, less dirty eggs, etc.). Results of previous research have contributed to inclusion of enzymes in regular additives into diets for poultry nutrition.U ovom revijalnom radu dat je prikaz najnovijih rezultata ispitivanja uticaja primene enzimskih preparata u ishrani živine.Prikazani su rezultati primene enzima u ishrani pilića. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da primena enzimskih preparata u ishani pilića utiče pozitivno na proizvodne rezultate (prirast telesne mase, konzumaciju hrane, konverziju hrane i zdravstveno stanje pilića).Utvrdjen je takodje pozitivan uticaj primenjenih enzima u ishrani pilića na kvalitet proizvoda (kvalitet trupa i sastav trupa). Efekti su posebno izraženi kod pilića hranjenih obrocima na bazi žitarica (ječam, pšenica, ovas) i biljnih proteinskih hraniva (suncokretova sačma, arašidova sačma i sačma uljane repice). Primena enzima u ishrani nosilja uticala je pozitivno na proizvodne rezultate (nosivost) i kvalitet jaja, posebno na kvalitet ljuske (debljina ljuske, čvrstina ljuske i manja zaprljanost jaja)

Tehnologija proizvodnje jaja sa slobodnog ispusta posebnog i garantovanog kvaliteta (tehničko rešenje)

Novi sistemi držanja kokoši nosilja (obogaćeni kavezi, ekstenzivan, poluintenzivan, duboka prostirka, organska proizvodnja) prvenstveno poboljšavaju dobrobit živine. U zemljama Evropske Unije, još uvek je 92% kokoši nosilja u kavezima i kada nove direktive o zabrani kaveznog sistema, odnosno povećanja podnog prostora po kokoši, stupe na snagu, normalno je za očekivati smanjenje proizvodnje jaja. Povećanje troškova proizvodnje u alternativnim sistemima držanja, i u isto vreme povećanje cene jaja u trgovini, sigurno utiče na odluku potrošača pri kupovini jaja. Pitanje da li je potrošač spreman da plati višu cenu za dobrobit živine ili za poseban i garantovan kvalitet. Većina potrošača pri kupovini jaja najviše ceni bezbednost i svežinu jaja. Sistem proizvodnje je takođe faktor od uticaja na potrošače, odnosno način držanja živine koji uključuje uslove na farmi, dobrobit kokoši, ishranu, zdravstveno stanje, veličinu jata i sl.U Srbiji još uvek nema tržišno značajne proizvodnje konzumnih jaja u nekaveznim sistemima. To je posledica, pre svega, činjenice da do sada nisu postojali propisi kojima su se od proizvođača zahtevale izmene u načinu držanja živine.Imajući u vidu stav potrošača činilo nam se sasvim opravdano da razvijemo novu tehnologiju za proizvodnju jaja sa ispusta posebnog i garantovanog kvaliteta, pogodnog i za organizovanje organske proizvodnje konzumnih jaja

Prisustvo potencijalno toksigenih gljiva u hrani za životinje sa posebnim osvrtom na vrste rodova Aspergillus i Fusarium

The presence of potential toxigenic fungi genera was investigated in 72 samples of different kinds of animal feed. A total five genera of fungi were isolated and identified with followed degree of frequency: Aspergillus (79,17%), Rhizopus (70,83%), Penicillium (68,06%), Fusarium (51,39%) i Mucor (30,56%). The most frequent of the species of fungi from genera Aspergillus and Fusarium were isolated: A. flavus (73,61%), A. fumigatus (31,94%), A. ohraceus (23,16%), A. niger (4,17%), F. verticillioides (36,11%), F. proliferatum (15,28%) i F. subglutinans (2,78%).Ukupno 72 uzoraka razlčitih vrsta hrane za životinje ispitano je na prisustvo potencijalno toksigenih rodova gljiva. Izolovano i identifikovano je ukupno pet rodova gljiva sa sledećim stepenom zastupljenosti: Aspergillus (79,17%), Rhizopus (70,83%), Penicillium (68,06%), Fusarium (51,39%) i Mucor (30,56%). Najčešće izolovane vrste iz rodova Aspergillus i Fusarium su: A. flavus (73,61%), A. fumigatus (31,94%), A. ohraceus (23,16%), A. niger (4,17%), F. verticillioides (36,11%), F. proliferatum (15,28%) i F. subglutinans (2,78%)

BACILLUS CEREUS AND SELENIUM HAVE GOOD EFFECT ON IN VITRO MATURATION OF OOCYTES

It is well known that selenium has positive effect on the reproductive tract either in female or male individuals, but cytology and biochemistry are not well elucidated. In this paper cytologically and microbiologically is shown that bacteria Bacillus cereus and selenium have large positive and synergistic influence on maturation of oocytes in vitro. This is caused by the bactericide effect on coliform bacteria which are abundant in the digestive tract. Taking account that anus and vagina are often nearby each other and that even sterility can be caused by coliform bacteria in the upper parts of the female reproductive tract, we found microbiologically and cytologically in oocyte in the presence of coliform bacteria, and Bacillus cereus and selenium, that number of coliform bacteria decreases, and cytologically oocytes cultured in such medium in vitro have more vitality than in culture medium without at least selenium supplement. These investigations should be continued with the aim of optimization of conditions for maturation of oocytes and fertilization in vitro for embryo transfer of domestic animals as well as model for in vivo reproduction

Tehnološko poboljšanje kvaliteta junećeg mesa sa aspekta transporta junadi za klanje

Results of author's own research as well as results obtained by other researchers are presented in this paper and relate to the effect of duration of transport on demonstration of stress syndrome in young cattle and on quality of meat. Stress syndrome in young cattle is caused by the stressor affecting the organism and bringing it into the state of stress. As consequence of the stress, prior to slaughtering, is occurrence of DFD syndrome. Such meat is characterized by special traits (Dark, Firm, Dry) which is the reason why it is called DFD meat. Until recently, research in the field of production of young cattle for slaughtering focused only on nutrition, reproduction and pathology issues, and reactions of animals to changes in their environment weren't much studied. Therefore, EU has passed set of directives and regulations referring to animal transport conditions. Significance of the application of mentioned directives and regulations is in providing minimum demands relating to welfare of animals and in the same way reduce to minimum stress factors which are especially harmful in beef production. Results of our investigation of pH24 M. longissimus dorsi in young bulls which were transported 150 km show that approximately one quarter (28%) of investigated muscles had pH24 6,0 or above this value. Contrary to this, values of pH24 M. longissimus dorsi in young bulls transported only 15 km were within allowed limits, meat had no DFD traits.U radu su prikazani sopstveni rezultati i rezultati istraživanja drugih autora o uticaju dužine transporta na ispoljavanje stres sindroma junadi, a samim tim i na kvalitet mesa. Stres sindrom junadi nastaje usled delovanja stresora na organizam koji ga dovodi u stanje stresa. Posledica stresa neposredno pre klanja, je nastanak DFD-sindroma. Ovakvo meso se odlikuje posebnim karakteristikama (Dark-tamno, Firm-čvrsto, Dry-suvo) po čemu je i dobilo ime DFD-meso. Do nedavno istraživanja u oblasti proizvodnje junadi za klanje bila su posvećena samo problemima ishrane, reprodukcije i patologije dok su reakcije životinja na promene okoline malo izučavane. Zbog toga je EU donela čitav niz regulativa i propisa koji se odnose na uslove transporta životinja. Značaj primene ovih propisa i regulativa EU je u obezbeđivanju minimalnih zahteva za dobrobit određene vrste životinja a samim tim minimiziranju stres faktora koji su naročito štetni u proizvodnji junećeg mesa.Rezultati naših ispitivanja pH24 M. longissimus dorsi mladih bikova koji su transportovani 150 km pokazali su da je oko jedne četvrtine (28%) ispitivanih mišića imalo pH24 6,0 ili iznad toga. Nasuprot tome, vrednosti pH24 M. longissimus dorsi mladih bikova koji su transportovani 15 km kretale su se u dozvoljenim granicama; meso nije manifestovalo DFD-simptome

Studija projekta 'proizvodnja jagnjećeg mesa'

Project research includes investigation of environmental conditions in which sheep are raised, also breed structure in region of Stara planina mountain and genetic potential of sheep population for production of high quality lamb meat. Heterosis effect is also investigated, and new created genotypes, beside improved performance in regard to gain, feed conversion and dressing percentage, will have as consequence improvement of the quality and quantity of carcass and meat of lambs. New created genotypes can be successfully raised in hilly, hilly-mountainous and plain regions. Existing technological solutions in regard to housing of sheep and lambs will be innovated by introduction of several variants and systems of nutrition which would include maximum use of roughage - pasture, hey and silage for grown heads of livestock, with addition of adequate quantities of concentrated feeds, also solutions introducing the highest degree of rationalization in production of high quality lamb meat will be selected. Floral composition and nutritive value of grass mass at our disposal as well as grain feeds are to be analyzed. Based on forage plant base at our disposal and quality of feeds the concrete programme of nutrition of lambs according to fattening phase will be applied. During fattening, effect on nutrition on production performance (gain of body mass and feed conversion) will be monitored. Reproductive traits of sheep - dams and ram sires will be analyzed, also planned health protection of animals carried out. Also economical efficiency of organized lamb breeding for production of high quality lamb meat analyzed. Most favorable anatomical categories for packaging will be determined as well as physical, chemical and sensory parameters of the quality of lamb meat defined. Special attention will be directed towards the quantity and quality of obtained lamb carcasses and compared with EU standards