3 research outputs found

    Étude de la rĂ©sistance aux antibiotiques des entĂ©rocoques d'origine animale du QuĂ©bec

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    Les entĂ©rocoques font partie de la flore normale intestinale des animaux et des humains. Plusieurs Ă©tudes ont dĂ©montrĂ© que les entĂ©rocoques d’origine animale pouvaient reprĂ©senter un rĂ©servoir de gĂšnes de rĂ©sistance aux antibiotiques pour la communautĂ© humaine et animale. Les espĂšces Enterococcus faecalis et Enterococcus faecium sont importantes en santĂ© publique; elles sont responsables d’environ 12% de toutes les infections nosocomiales aux États-Unis. Au Canada, les cas de colonisation et/ou d’infections Ă  entĂ©rocoques rĂ©sistants Ă  la vancomycine ont plus que triplĂ© de 2005 Ă  2009. Un total de 387 isolats E. faecalis et E. faecium aviaires, et 124 isolats E. faecalis porcins ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s et analysĂ©s pour leur susceptibilitĂ© aux antibiotiques. De hauts pourcentages de rĂ©sistance envers les macrolides et les tĂ©tracyclines ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©s tant chez les isolats aviaires que porcins. Deux profils phĂ©notypiques prĂ©dominants ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©s et analysĂ©s par PCR et sĂ©quençage pour la prĂ©sence de gĂšnes de rĂ©sistance aux antibiotiques. DiffĂ©rentes combinaisons de gĂšnes de rĂ©sistance ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©es dont erm(B) et tet(M) Ă©tant les plus prĂ©valents. Des extractions plasmidiques et des analyses par hybridation ont permis de dĂ©terminer, pour la premiĂšre fois, la colocalisation des gĂšnes erm(B) et tet(M) sur un plasmide d’environ 9 kb chez des isolats E. faecalis porcins, et des gĂšnes erm(B) et tet(O) sur un plasmide de faible poids molĂ©culaire d’environ 11 kb chez des isolats E. faecalis aviaires. De plus, nous avons dĂ©montrĂ©, grĂące Ă  des essais conjugatifs, que ces plasmides pouvaient ĂȘtre transfĂ©rĂ©s. Les rĂ©sultats ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que les entĂ©rocoques intestinaux aviaires et porcins, lesquels peuvent contaminer la viande Ă  l’abattoir, pouvaient reprĂ©senter un rĂ©servoir de gĂšnes de rĂ©sistance envers la quinupristine-dalfopristine, la bacitracine, la tĂ©tracycline et les macrolides. Afin d’évaluer l’utilisation d’un antisĂ©rum polyclonal SA dans l’interfĂ©rence de la rĂ©sistance Ă  de fortes concentrations de bacitracine (gĂšnes bcrRAB), lors d’un transfert conjugatif rĂ©pondant aux phĂ©romones, un isolat multirĂ©sistant E. faecalis aviaire a Ă©tĂ© sĂ©lectionnĂ©. AprĂšs induction avec des phĂ©romones produites par la souche rĂ©ceptrice E. faecalis JH2-2, l’agrĂ©gation de la souche donatrice E. faecalis 543 a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e ainsi que des frĂ©quences de transfert Ă©levĂ©es en bouillon lors d’une courte pĂ©riode de conjugaison. Le transfert conjugatif des gĂšnes asa1, traB et bcrRAB ainsi que leur colocalisation a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ© chez le donneur et un transconjugant T543-1 sur un plasmide de 115 kb par Ă©lectrophorĂšse Ă  champs pulsĂ© (PFGE) et hybridation. Une CMI de > 2 048 ”g/ml envers la bacitracine a Ă©tĂ© obtenue tant chez le donneur que le transconjuguant tandis que la souche rĂ©ceptrice JH2-2 dĂ©montrait une CMI de 32 ”g/ml. Le sĂ©quençage des gĂšnes asa1, codant pour la substance agrĂ©gative, et traB, une protĂ©ine rĂ©gulant nĂ©gativement la rĂ©ponse aux phĂ©romones, a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© une association de cet Ă©lĂ©ment gĂ©nĂ©tique avec le plasmide pJM01. De plus, cette Ă©tude prĂ©sente qu’un antisĂ©rum polyclonal SA peut interfĂ©rer significativement dans le transfert horizontal d’un plasmide rĂ©pondant aux phĂ©romones codant pour de la rĂ©sistance Ă  de fortes doses de bacitracine d’une souche E. faecalis aviaire multirĂ©sistante. Des isolats cliniques E. faecium d’origine humaine et canine ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©s et comparĂ©s. Cette Ă©tude rapporte, pour la premiĂšre fois, la caractĂ©risation d’isolats cliniques E. faecium rĂ©sistants Ă  l’ampicilline (EFRA) d’origine canine associĂ©s Ă  CC17 (ST17) au Canada. Ces isolats Ă©taient rĂ©sistants Ă  la ciprofloxacine et Ă  la lincomycine. Leur rĂ©sistance envers la ciprofloxacine a Ă©tĂ© confirmĂ©e par la prĂ©sence de substitutions dans la sĂ©quence en acides aminĂ©s des gĂšnes de l’ADN gyrase (gyrA/gyrB) et de la topoisomĂ©rase IV (parC/parE). Des rĂ©sistances Ă©levĂ©es envers la gentamicine, la kanamycine et la streptomycine, et de la rĂ©sistance envers les macrolides et les lincosamides a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es. La frĂ©quence de rĂ©sistance envers la tĂ©tracycline Ă©tait Ă©levĂ©e tandis que celle envers la vancomycine n’a pas Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ©e. De plus, aucune rĂ©sistance n’a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e envers le linĂ©zolide et la quinupristine-dalfopristine. Les donnĂ©es ont dĂ©montrĂ© une absence complĂšte des gĂšnes esp (protĂ©ine de surface des entĂ©rocoques) et hyl (hyaluronidase) chez les isolats canins EFRA testĂ©s tandis qu’ils possĂ©daient tous le gĂšne acm (adhĂ©sine de liaison au collagĂšne d’E. faecium). Aucune activitĂ© reliĂ©e Ă  la formation de biofilm ou la prĂ©sence d’élĂ©ments CRISPR (loci de courtes rĂ©pĂ©titions palindromiques Ă  interespaces rĂ©guliers) n’a Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©e chez les isolats canins EFRA. Les familles de plasmide rep6 and rep11 ont significativement Ă©tĂ© associĂ©es aux isolats d’origine canine. Les profils PFGE des isolats d’origine humaine et canine n'ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© aucune relation (≀ 80%). Ces rĂ©sultats illustrent l'importance d'une utilisation judicieuse des antibiotiques en mĂ©decine vĂ©tĂ©rinaire afin d’éviter la dissĂ©mination zoonotique des isolats EFRA canins. Nous pensons que ces rĂ©sultats contribueront Ă  une meilleure comprĂ©hension des mĂ©canismes de rĂ©sistance aux antibiotiques et de leurs Ă©lĂ©ments mobiles ainsi qu’à de nouvelles stratĂ©gies afin de rĂ©duire le transfert horizontal de la rĂ©sistance aux antibiotiques et des facteurs de virulence.Enterococci are part of normal intestinal gut flora of animals and humans. Many studies have shown that enterococci from animal origin could represent an antimicrobial resistance genes reservoir for the human community. The two species Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are important in public health; they are responsible for approximately 12% of all nosocomial infections in the United States. In Canada, cases of colonization and/or infections to vancomycin resistant enterococci have more than tripled from 2005 to 2009. A total of 387 poultry E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates, and 124 porcine E. faecalis isolates were identified and analyzed for their antibiotic susceptibilities. High percentages of resistance to macrolides and tetracyclines were found in both avian and porcine isolates. Two predominant phenotypic profiles were determined and analyzed by PCR and sequencing for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. Various combinations of antibiotic resistance genes were detected; erm(B) and tet(M) were the most common genes. For the first time, plasmid extraction and hybridization revealed colocalization of erm(B) and tet(M) on a plasmid of ~9 kb in porcine E. faecalis isolates, and of erm(B) and tet(O) on a low-molecular-weight plasmid of ~11 kb in poultry E. faecalis isolates. Furthermore, we demonstrated, through mating experiments, these plasmids could be transferred. Results indicate that the intestinal enterococci of healthy pigs and poultry, which can contaminate meat at slaughter, could be a reservoir for quinupristin-dalfopristin, bacitracin, tetracycline, and macrolide resistance genes. To assess the use of a polyclonal antiserum AS on the contact interference of a high level bacitracin resistant (bcrRAB genes) pheromone-responsive plasmid, a multiresistant E. faecalis isolate of poultry origin was selected. After induction with pheromones produced by the recipient strain E. faecalis JH2-2, clumping of the donor E. faecalis strain 543 was demonstrated as well as high transfer frequencies in short time broth mating. Conjugative transfer of asa1, traB and bcrRAB genes and their co-localization were also demonstrated in the donor strain and a transconjugant T543-1 on a plasmid band of 115 kb by PFGE and Southern blotting. A MIC to bacitracin of > 2 048 ”g/ml was obtained for both strains 543 and T543-1 whereas the recipient strain JH2-2 demonstrated a MIC of 32 ”g/ml. Sequencing of the asa1 gene encoding for an AS, and traB for a pheromone shutdown protein, confirmed the association of this genetic element to the pheromone-responsive plasmid related to pJM01. More significantly, this study presents the evidence that a polyclonal antiserum AS can significantly interfere with the horizontal transfer of a pheromone-responsive plasmid encoding high-level bacitracin resistance of a poultry multidrug resistant E. faecalis strain. Clinical isolates of E. faecium of human and canine origin were analyzed and compared. This report describes for the first time the characterization of canine clinical ampicillin-resistant E. faecium (AREF) isolates related to CC17 (ST17) in Canada. These isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and lincomycin. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was confirmed by amino acid substitutions in DNA gyrase (gyrA/gyrB) and topoisomerase IV (parC/parE) genes. High-level gentamicin, -kanamycin and -streptomycin resistances and macrolides resistance were also observed. The frequency of tetracycline resistance was high whereas vancomycin resistance was not detected. Also, no resistance was observed to linezolid and quinupristin-dalfopristin antibiotics. Data demonstrated the complete absence of enterococcal surface protein (esp) and hyaluronidase (hyl) genes among the canine AREF isolates tested while all were acm (collagen adhesin from E. faecium) positive. However, most of them were shown to harbor efaAfm gene, encoding for a cell wall adhesin. No biofilm formation or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) elements were identified in these canine AREF isolates. rep6 and rep11 families of plasmids were significantly associated with isolates from dogs. The PFGE patterns of human and dog isolates were considered unrelated (≀ 80%). These findings also support the importance of prudent use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine to avoid zoonotic spread of canine AREF isolates. We are confident that our results may help to better understand the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and mobile element carrying them as well as new strategies to reduce the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance and virulence traits

    Interference in Pheromone-Responsive Conjugation of a High-Level Bacitracin Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Plasmid of Poultry Origin

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    The current study reports on contact interference of a high-level bacitracin- resistant pheromone-responsive plasmid of Enterococcus faecalis strain 543 of poultry origin during conjugative transfer of bcr antimicrobial resistance genes using a polyclonal antiserum aggregation substance44–560 (AS). After induction with pheromones produced by the recipient strain E. faecalis JH2-2, clumping of the donor E. faecalis strain 543 was observed as well as high transfer frequencies of bcr in short time broth mating. Filter mating assays from donor strain E. faecalis 543 to the recipient strain E. faecalis JH2-2 revealed conjugative transfer of asa1 (AS), bcrRAB and traB (negative regulator pheromone response) genes. The presence of these genes in transconjugants was confirmed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, PCR, Southern hybridization and sequencing. A significant reduction in formation of aggregates was observed when the polyclonal anti-AS44–560 was added in the pheromone-responsive conjugation experiments as compared to the induced state. Moreover, interference of anti-AS44–560 antibodies in pheromone-responsive conjugation was demonstrated by a reduction in horizontal transfer of asa1 and bcr genes between E. faecalis strain 543 and E. faecalis JH2-2. Reducing the pheromone-responsive conjugation of E. faecalis is of interest because of its clinical importance in the horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance
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