Variabilité climatique et son incidence sur les ressources en eaux de surface : cas des stations de Bocanda et de Dimbokro, Centre-Est de la Côte d'Ivoire en Afrique de l’Ouest

L’étude du changement climatique et de la variabilité climatique est d’une très grande importance pour la gestion et la planification des ressources en eau. Cet article examine l’impact du changement climatique sur l’évolution du N’zi (principal cours d’eau de la zone). Les séries chronologiques de pluies et de débits ont été utilisées à cet effet. L’application des méthodes de Nicholson, de Maillet ainsi que des tests statistiques de détection de ruptures (test de Buishand, test de Hubert, test de Lee Heghinian et test de Pettitt), et de tendances (test de Mann-Kendall, test de Sen’s) ont permis d’une part de mettre en évidence une variabilité climatique caractérisée par une alternance de périodes humides, normales et sèches, et d’autre part de détecter des ruptures en 1968 pour Dimbokro et en 1975 pour M’bahiakro et Bocanda Ces ruptures s’accompagnent d’une tendance de la baisse de la pluviométrie (10 à 18 %) et des volumes mobilisés par les aquifères (30 à 51 %.). Ce travail constitue une base indispensable pour une meilleure connaissance des ressources en eau des bassins étudiés.Mots-clés: variabilité climatique, séries chronologiques, tendances et ruptures, tests statistiques, Côte d'Ivoire.Climate variability and its impact on water resources of surface: case of stations of Bocanda and Dimbokro (east-central Côte d'Ivoire in West Africa) Climate change and climate variability studies are of great importance for water resources and management and planning in this paper, we put our attention on the impact of these two phenomena on the water resources availability of the N’zi river basin (Main River of the area of study). Rainfall and runoff time series have been used for. Nicholson and Maillet methods and statistical tests for homogeneity (Buishand’s, Hubert’s, Lee and Heghinian’s and Pettitt’s tests) and for trend (Mann Kendall’ test, and Sen’s slope estimator). Nicholson’s and Maillet’s method allow to put in evidence the climate variability with a random succession of periods of excess and deficits. Statistical tests for homogeneity have detected downwards shifts (10% to 51%) in the time series of rainfall beginning in 1968 for Dimbokro and in 1975 for M’bahiakro and Bocanda and in the groundwater (30% to 51%). The work we present in this paper is a preliminary for efficient water management of the N’zi river basin.Keywords: climate variability, times series, statistical tests, homogeneity and trend test, Côte d'Ivoir

Mortality from HIV-associated meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: HIV-associated cryptococcal, TB and pneumococcal meningitis are the leading causes of adult meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis with the primary aim of estimating mortality from major causes of adult meningitis in routine care settings, and to contrast this with outcomes from clinical trial settings. METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library for published clinical trials (defined as randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) or investigator-managed prospective cohorts) and observational studies that evaluated outcomes of adult meningitis in SSA from 1 January 1990 through 15 September 2019. We performed random effects modelling to estimate pooled mortality, both in clinical trial and routine care settings. Outcomes were stratified as short-term (in-hospital or two weeks), medium-term (up to 10 weeks) and long-term (up to six months). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Seventy-nine studies met inclusion criteria. In routine care settings, pooled short-term mortality from cryptococcal meningitis was 44% (95% confidence interval (95% CI):39% to 49%, 40 studies), which did not differ between amphotericin (either alone or with fluconazole) and fluconazole-based induction regimens, and was twofold higher than pooled mortality in clinical trials using amphotericin based treatment (21% (95% CI:17% to 25%), 17 studies). Pooled short-term mortality of TB meningitis was 46% (95% CI: 33% to 59%, 11 studies, all routine care). For pneumococcal meningitis, pooled short-term mortality was 54% in routine care settings (95% CI:44% to 64%, nine studies), with similar mortality reported in two included randomized-controlled trials. Few studies evaluated long-term outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality rates from HIV-associated meningitis in SSA are very high under routine care conditions. Better strategies are needed to reduce mortality from HIV-associated meningitis in the region