Primjena suvremene tehnologije za procjenu razine ravnoteže kod djece rane školske dobi

In the world of fast progress of information and communication technology, teachers have a responsibility to use technologies. Technological advances do not shy away from being applied in Physical Education classes because quality diagnostics of motor skills is the foundation of planning and programming transformation processes. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether there is a difference between boys and girls in expressing static balance on an individual (unilateral) leg of the dominant leg (reflex leg) on the application of modern technology as an example of good practice. 80 children in lower forms of primary school (38 boys and 42 girls, 7-10 years of age) participated in this research. Measurements of the static unilateral balance were carried out using the Gyko Inertial System (Microgate, Bolzano, Italy). The unilateral test of static balance was performed, with three attempts in 20 seconds. The following variable was total body trajectory in the unilateral balance test and morphological variables: body weight and body height. For all variables, the baseline descriptive parameters were calculated and the non-parametric method of the Mann-Whitney U-test was used to determine the statistical significance between boys and girls. Data analysis showed a statistically significant difference between boys and girls in the unilateral balance test. Girls showed a lower overall variability, i.e., smaller body trajectories than boys. The research results point to significant gender differences in the performance of the unilateral balance tests in children aged 7-10 years in favor of better results in girls. Further research should include an analysis of a larger sample of older children, closer to puberty.U svijetu brzog napretka informacijske i komunikacijske tehnologije učitelji imaju odgovornost baviti se tehnologijama. Tehnološki napredak se nužno mora primijeniti u nastavi Tjelesne i zdravstvene culture, jer kvalitetna dijagnostika motoričkih sposobnosti predstavlja temelj za planiranje i programiranje transformacijskih procesa. Svrha rada je utvrditi postojanje razlika između dječaka i djevojčica u iskazivanju statičke ravnoteže na pojedinačnoj (unilateralnoj) nozi dominantne (odrazne) noge primjenom suvremene tehnologije kao primjer dobre prakse. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 80 djece rane školske dobi (38 dječaka i 42 djevojčice; 7-10 godina). Mjerenje statičke unilateralne ravnoteže provedeno je pomoću Gyko inercijskog sustava (Microgate, Bolzano, Italy). Unilateralni test ravnoteže proveden je u tri pokušaja po 20 sekundi. Promatrana je ukupna putanja tijela, kao i morfološke varijable: težina tijela i visina tijela. Za sve varijable izračunati su osnovni deskriptivni parametri, a za utvrđivanje statističke značajnosti između dječaka i djevojčica koristila se neparametrijska metoda Mann-Whitneyev U test. Obradom podataka utvrđeno je da postoji statistički značajna razlika između dječaka i djevojčica u testu unilateralne ravnoteže (p<0,05). Djevojčice imaju manji ukupni varijabilitet tj. manju putanju tijela u odnosu na dječake (AS_ž= 494,76, AS_m= 704,34). Rezultati ove studije pokazali su da postoje značajne spolne razlike tijekom izvođenja unilateralnog testa ravnoteže kod djece od 7-10 godina u korist boljih rezultata kod djevojčica. U daljnjim istraživanjima razlike bi trebalo analizirati na većem uzorku i kod djece starije životne dobi, bliže pubertetu

Tumour Lymphocytic Infiltration, Its Structure and Influence in Colorectal Cancer Progression

BACKGROUND: The role of the immune system in the control of tumour progression has been stressed, recently. Many studies indicate the fact that the immune system can prevent tumour progression in several types of human malignant neoplasms including colorectal cancer. According to some authors, a higher density of “tumour-associated lymphocytes†(TAL), in malignant neoplasms, correlate with prolonged survival of patients.AIM: This study aims to determine the structure and the influence of the immune cells, TAL, in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC).PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 103 patients with CRC operated at the University Clinic of Digestive Surgery in Skopje, whose operative material was analysed at the Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty in Skopje. The structure of tumor-associated cells and their density were determined and were correlated with neoplasm’s grade, local growth (T), positive lymph nodes, lymphatic invasion and stage of the disease.RESULTS: CD4+, CD8+ and CD20+ lymphocytes (Ly) were found in TAL. The density of TAL was significantly different in neoplasms with different T status, lymphatic invasion, patients with and without nodal metastasis and patients with a different stage of the disease. The density of CD4+, CD8+, and CD20+ cells were significantly different in neoplasms with different T. The density of CD8+ and CD20+ lymphocytes was lower in patients with nodal metastasis and higher stage.CONCLUSION: The density of tumor-associated lymphocytes can anticipate the disease progression in patients with colorectal cancer, and the density of TAL influences the control of tumour progression

Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Colorectal Cancers and Their Prognostic Value

Abstract Introduction: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in tumor stroma are considered to be involved in elimination of malignant cells and in prevention of metastasis formation. TIL are consisted of T lymphocytes including cytotoxic lymphocytes that are a constituent part of the effector mechanism of anti-tumor immunity and B lymphocytes that can form tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). TLS have been described in several solid tumors and in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and they influence on the local and systemic anti-cancer response. The aim of this study was to quantify the presence of TLS in CRC patients and to determine their role in tumor progression. Patients and methods: The study included 103 patients with CRC who underwent surgery at the University Clinic of Digestive Surgery in Skopje, whose operative material was analyzed at the Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty in Skopje. The density of TLS was determined and correlated with neoplasm status of local growth (T), positive lymph nodes, lymphatic invasion, stage of the disease and tumor grade. Results: The density of TLS was significantly higher in patients with higher stage, lower T status, negative lymph nodes, in patients with no lymphatic invasion and with better differentiated tumors. Conclusion: The density of TLS plays an important role in controlling the tumor growth and it can be a parameter for neoplasm progression in CRC patients. The density of TLS has influence on the control of tumor progression

HER2 Positive Gastric Carcinomas and Their Clinico-Pathological Characteristics

BACKGROUND: HER2 protein expression in gastric carcinoma, in correlation with existing, acknowledged prognostic factors which include the parameters that determine the TNM stage of the disease, could become the basis for ongoing research in the field of molecular targeted and personalised therapy.AIM: To determine the expression of the HER2 protein in gastric carcinoma and to correlate the expression of a HER2 protein with clinicopathological characteristics of the disease.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data of HER2 protein expression and the parameters of the TNM classification were obtained from the histopathological reports of the Institute of Pathology in Skopje, and for the clinical stage we used patient’s files from the University Clinic for Abdominal Surgery in Skopje.RESULTS: The analysis of the correlation of HER2 protein expression and TNM classification parameters pointed out a significant correlation between HER2 protein expression and intragastric localisation of gastric carcinoma (P = 0.005), and the tumour grade of differentiation (P = 0.034). There was also a positive correlation between HER2 protein expression pattern and positive lymph nodes in patients with gastric carcinoma (P = 0.03). The expression pattern of HER2 +++ was significantly more common registered in patients with positive lymph nodes (P = 0.03)CONCLUSION: The expression of HER2 protein could represent a biological marker with prognostic and predictive value in patients with gastric carcinoma. Considering the high mortality rate in patients with gastric carcinoma and lack of international standardised therapeutic approach, research of the role and significance of HER2 overexpression and Trastuzumab therapy may prove useful in the development of new therapeutic strategies

EBV Positive Gastric Carcinomas and Their Clinicopathological Characteristics

BACKGROUND: The understanding of the etiopathogenesis of gastric carcinoma (GC) can be a base for development of new therapeutic methods to reduce mortality and to increase survival in patients with GC. The percentage of Epstein - Barr virus (EBV) positive gastric carcinomas is uncertain, and the etiologic importance of EBV in the pathogenesis of GC has still not been elucidated. AIM: This study aimed to determine the percentage of EBV associated GC as well as to determine their clinicopathological characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 80 patients with GC who were analysed for ethnicity, local growth of a tumour (T status), the presence of nodal metastases (N), the presence of distant metastases (M), stage of the disease and degree of carcinoma differentiation. For detection of EBV, immunostainings were performed on tumour tissue and the peripheral non-tumour gastric mucosa. RESULTS: Positive immunostaining with an antibody against EBV was found in 19 (23.75%) of the 80 patients with gastric carcinomas. EBV immunostainings were significantly different in patients with or without metastasis and between patients of Macedonian and Albanian ethnicity (p &lt; 0.0001, p &lt; 0.009, respectively). EBV immunoexpression was significantly associated with the presence of distant metastases and with patients of Albanian ethnicity. CONCLUSION: Association of EBV immunostainings with distant metastasis in patients with GC suggests the influence of EBV infection on the progression of gastric carcinoma. Due to scarce and doubtful literature data on EBV associated GC, further studies are necessary to determine the role of EBV regarding aetiology, treatment and prognosis in patients with EBV associated gastric carcinoma

Developing the Silver Economy and Related Government Resources for Seniors: A Position Paper

The precarious rights of senior citizens, especially those who are highly educated and who are expected to counsel and guide the younger generations, has stimulated the creation internationally of advocacy associations and opinion leader groups. The strength of these groups, however, varies from country to country. In some countries, they are supported and are the focus of intense interest; in others, they are practically ignored. For this is reason we believe that the creation of a network of all these associations is essential. The proposed network would act as a support for the already-existing policies of the United Nations' High Commission for Human Rights, of independent experts, and of the Global Alliance for the Rights of Older People. All three have long ago recommended the creation of a recognized instrument for uniting presently scattered efforts. The proposed network, therefore, will seek to promote the international exchange of relevant expertise, and it will reinforce the commitments and actions that single countries are currently taking to meet these objectives. For example, informative public events can be organised to promote particular support initiatives and to provide an opportunity for new members of the network to be presented. The network will promote health for senior citizens, disease prevention, senior mobility, safe free time for seniors, alimentary education, protection against new risks and dangers, as well as equity in the services necessary for seniors to adopt new information and communication technologies. In the case of retired academic members, the network will promote equality with respect to continuing use of digital technologies (particularly email), continuing access to research libraries, and the guaranteed ability for seniors to fund their own research programs and to deliver free seminars

Developing the Silver Economy and Related Government Resources for Seniors: A Position Paper

The precarious rights of senior citizens, especially those who are highly educated and who are expected to counsel and guide the younger generations, has stimulated the creation internationally of advocacy associations and opinion leader groups. The strength of these groups, however, varies from country to country. In some countries, they are supported and are the focus of intense interest; in others, they are practically ignored. For this is reason we believe that the creation of a network of all these associations is essential. The proposed network would act as a support for the already-existing policies of the United Nations’ High Commission for Human Rights, of independent experts, and of the Global Alliance for the Rights of Older People. All three have long ago recommended the creation of a recognized instrument for uniting presently scattered efforts. The proposed network, therefore, will seek to promote the international exchange of relevant expertise, and it will reinforce the commitments and actions that single countries are currently taking to meet these objectives. For example, informative public events can be organised to promote particular support initiatives and to provide an opportunity for new members of the network to be presented. The network will promote health for senior citizens, disease prevention, senior mobility, safe free time for seniors, alimentary education, protection against new risks and dangers, as well as equity in the services necessary for seniors to adopt new information and communication technologies. In the case of retired academic members, the network will promote equality with respect to continuing use of digital technologies (particularly email), continuing access to research libraries, and the guaranteed ability for seniors to fund their own research programs and to deliver free seminars