Land tenure and housing: a policy framework for meeting the needs of Indigenous Australians living in remote communities

This thesis presents a policy framework for improving outcomes for remote Indigenous land tenure and housing policy in Australia. The framework is developed from an analysis of related policies and programs in several pioneer settler societies with similar historical characteristics to Australia. The number of pioneer settler societies in the world is small. Originating in the 16th through 18th centuries, these societies grew out of European colonization practices that displaced indigenous societies, and made indigenous people a minority in their own land. The four societies examined in this thesis are Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and The United States of America. This thesis is presented in three parts. Part 1 (Chapters 1-3) scopes the problem being addressed in this thesis: the gap(s) in well being between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous people as measured by indicators of wellbeing such as housing, health, education, and employment. These quality of life gaps can be seen as the result of two inadvertent and compounding impacts on indigenous people from colonial dispossession: 1) removal of livelihoods through a lack of access to land-based resources, and 2) loss of cultural identity I caused by being separated from the land Elements of successes in different pioneer settler societies are later used to formulate a framework for improved land tenure and housing policy outcomes for remote Indigenous Australia. Part 1 also presents an overview of the research design used in the case studies of ! the four pioneer settler societies. Part 2 (Chapters 4-7) presents the case studies of indigenous housing and land tenure in the four pioneer settler societies. The policy factors that are analyzed illustrate the various methods used by governments in an attempt improve Indigenous quality of life. Part 3 (Chapters 8-10) draws upon the data in the four case studies to develop a policy framework for use in Australia. Chapter 8 presents a meta-analysis of the four case studies, which identifies a wide range of lessons potentially relevant to Australian context from the other three nations. Similarities and differences in policy approaches and outcomes for pioneer settler societies are identified, compared, and contrasted. A synthesis of the lessons from the meta-analysis is used to identify two themes and eight 'building blocks' to frame policymaking. These themes are: 'Experiencing the Land and People', and The Policy Process These 'building blocks' and principles can make sure that the actors, activities and practices used in the policymaking process facilitate the exchange of relevant information, redress potential conflict and maximize opportunities for collaboration among stakeholders in policymaking. The framework for policymaking is an insightful tool for making sense of the complexities associated with particular policy decisions, thus expediting improved policy outcomes on land tenure and housing issues. As such, the policy 'building blocks' and supporting principles provide a road map for developing a policy framework that can bridge 'the gap' in well being between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous people

Developing Fieldable Systems for Chemical Sensing Using Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Mass Spectrometry

Currently, there is an urgent need for field-rugged and field-programmable sensor systems that provide highly selective, universal monitoring of vapors and aerosols at detectable levels from persons or areas involved with illicit chemical/biological/explosives (CBE) production. These devices must be portable, low cost, robust, and provide accurate measurements to avoid both false positive and negative results. Furthermore, the information provided by the devices must be received in a timely manner so that informed decisions can be immediately made and the appropriate actions taken. Two technologies that are unparalleled in their sensitivity, selectivity, and trace-level detection capabilities are field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) and mass spectrometry. Here, we will show progress that has been made toward developing fieldable FAIMS systems and mass spectrometers. Working in collaboration with Sionex Corporation, the microDMx detector was equipped with a continuous air sampling system to develop selective methods for the analysis of compounds of interest. A microdiaphragm pump (KNF Neuberger, Inc.) is used to pull in gas-phase analytes directly from the air for separation and detection with the FAIMS system. The FAIMS evaluation platform (SVAC) unit currently measures 9.8-inch x 4.6-inch x 3.2-inch, weighs 3.1 lb, and utilizes a {sup 63}Ni source to ionize incoming compounds. Analytes entering the unit are separated and identified by their characteristic response to the compensation voltage (V{sub c}) at a given rf field strength (V{sub rf}). This response has been observed to be unique for a wide range of substances studied. If additional verification were required or a targeted analyte present in a complex chemical matrix, a FAIMS unit equipped with a fast gas chromatography column has been evaluated. The unit combines the separation capabilities of gas chromatography with the selectivity of FAIMS. It measures 9.5-inch x 5.25-inch x 3.5-inch, weighs 3.8 lb, and uses a 10.6 eV photoionization source. Analytes are identified both by their elution time from the column and by the characteristic response in the FAIMS spectrum. Analysis times required to obtain results for most analytes examined are less than three minutes. A fieldable mass spectrometer system is also being developed that includes sampling, ionization, mass selection and detection, vacuum technology, and analytical methodology with remote data transmission. Multiple methods for mass selection are being explored, including both Penning and Paul type ion traps as well as a quadrupole system to determine which is best suited for a portable mass spectrometer. Several ionization sources and ion counting methods will also be evaluated to establish their effectiveness with each system. The intended result of this project is a handheld mass spectrometer system capable of field deployment for the detection and identification of a wide range of gas-phase CBE species

Variable Energy 2-MeV S-Band Linac for X-ray and Other Applications

This paper describes the design and operation of a compact, 2-MeV, S-band linear accelerator (linac) with variable energy tuning and short-pulse operation down to 15 ps with 100-A peak current. The design consists of a buncher cavity for short-pulse operation and two coupled resonator sections for acceleration. Single-pulse operation is accomplished through a fast injector system with a 219-MHz subharmonic buncher. The machine is intended to support a variety of applications, such as x-ray and electron beam diagnostic development, and recently, electron diffraction studies of phase transitions in shocked materials

Variable Energy 2-MeV S-Band Linac for X-ray and Other Applications

We will describe the design and operation of a compact, 2-MeV, S-band linear accelerator (linac) with variable energy tuning and short-pulse operation down to 15 ps with 100-A peak current. The design consists of a buncher cavity for short-pulse operation and two coupled resonator sections for acceleration. Single-pulse operation is accomplished through a fast injector system with a 219-MHz subharmonic buncher. The machine is intended to support a variety of applications, such as X-ray and electron beam diagnostic development and, recently, electron diffraction studies of phase transitions in shocked materials

Calibrating the DARHT Electron Spectrometer with Negative Ions

Negative ions of hydrogen and oxygen have been used to calibrate the DARHT electron spectrometer over the momentum range of 2 to 20 MeV/c. The calibration was performed on September 1, 3, and 8, 2004, and it is good to 0.5% absolute, provided that instrument alignment is carefully controlled. The momentum in MeV/c as a function of magnetic field (B in Gauss) and position in the detector plane (X in mm) is: P = (B-6.28)/(108.404-0.1935*X

Covariance Spectroscopy for Fissile Material Detection

Nuclear fission produces multiple prompt neutrons and gammas at each fission event. The resulting daughter nuclei continue to emit delayed radiation as neutrons boil off, beta decay occurs, etc. All of the radiations are causally connected, and therefore correlated. The correlations are generally positive, but when different decay channels compete, so that some radiations tend to exclude others, negative correlations could also be observed. A similar problem of reduced complexity is that of cascades radiation, whereby a simple radioactive decay produces two or more correlated gamma rays at each decay. Covariance is the usual means for measuring correlation, and techniques of covariance mapping may be useful to produce distinct signatures of special nuclear materials (SNM). A covariance measurement can also be used to filter data streams because uncorrelated signals are largely rejected. The technique is generally more effective than a coincidence measurement. In this poster, we concentrate on cascades and the covariance filtering problem

Fission Detection Using the Associated Particle Technique

A beam of tagged 14 MeV neutrons from the deuterium-tritium (DT) reaction is used to induce fission in a target composed of depleted uranium. The generator yield is 107 neutrons/second radiated into a 4π solid angle. Two 4 in.×4 in. NaI detectors are used for gamma-ray detection. The fission process is known to produce multiple gamma-rays and neutrons. Triple coincidences (α-γ-γ) are measured as a function of neutron flight time up to 90 ns after fission, where the α-particle arises from the DT reaction. A sudden increase in the triple coincidence rate at the location of the material is used to localize and detect fission in the interrogated target. Comparisons are made with experiment runs where lead, tungsten, and iron were used as target materials. The triple coincidence response profile from depleted uranium is noted to be different to those observed from the other target materials. The response from interrogation targets composed of fissile material is anticipated to be even more unique than that observed from depleted uranium

Multiple-Coincidence Active Neutron Interrogation of Fissionable Materials

Using a beam of tagged 14.1 MeV neutrons to probe for the presence of fissionable materials, we have measured n-γ-γ coincidences from depleted uranium (DU). The multiple coincidence rate is substantially above that measured from lead, tungsten, and iron. The presence of coincidences involving delayed gammas in the DU time spectra provides a signature for fissionable materials that is distinct from non-fissionable ones. In addition, the information from the tagged neutron involved in the coincidence gives the position of the fissionable material in all three dimensions. The result is an imaging probe for fissionable materials that is more compact and that produces much less radiation than other solutions

Three-photon detachment of electrons from the fluorine negative ion

Absolute three-photon detachment cross sections are calculated for the fluorine negative ion within the lowest-order perturbation theory. The Dyson equation of the atomic many-body theory is used to obtain the ground-state 2p wavefunction with correct asymptotic behaviour, corresponding to the true (experimental) binding energy. We show that in accordance with the adiabatic theory (Gribakin and Kuchiev 1997 {Phys. Rev. A} {\bf 55} 3760) this is crucial for obtaining absolute values of the multiphoton cross sections. Comparisons with other calculations and experimental data are presented.Comment: 10 pages, two figures, Latex, IOP styl

Isotope shift in the electron affinity of chlorine

The specific mass shift in the electron affinity between ^{35}Cl and ^{37}Cl has been determined by tunable laser photodetachment spectroscopy to be -0.51(14) GHz. The isotope shift was observed as a difference in the onset of the photodetachment process for the two isotopes. In addition, the electron affinity of Cl was found to be 29138.59(22) cm^{-1}, giving a factor of 2 improvement in the accuracy over earlier measurements. Many-body calculations including lowest-order correlation effects demonstrates the sensitivity of the specific mass shift and show that the inclusion of higher-order correlation effects would be necessary for a quantitative description.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures, LaTeX2e, amsmat