Late chronotypes show enhanced BOLD activation in the inferior parietal lobule.

<p>For the right inferior parietal lobule, late chronotypes (LC) showed enhanced brain activation when processing directly (DR) and unrelated (UR) prime-target word pairs as well as processing non-words (NW) compared to early (EC) and intermediate (IC) chronotypes (Functional Imaging Data: MNI [x, y, z], mixed effects FLAME, P < .01).</p

Subjects’ Performance during the fMRI Semantic Priming Task.

<p>Presented are mean values of reaction times (RT, ms) of directly related (DR), indirectly related (IR) and unrelated (UR) prime-target word pairs versus non-words (NW) plus SE (Standard Error). Asteriks mark significant differences between the RTs of the semantic priming conditions (P < .01).</p

Mean reaction times of early (EC), intermediate (IC) and late chronotypes (LC) and standard error (SE) in ms.

<p>Abbreviations:</p><p>DR, directly related</p><p>IR, indirectly related</p><p>UR, unrelated</p><p>NW, nonwords.</p><p>* P < .05</p><p>Directionality refers to posthoc group comparisons (one-way ANOVA, Bonferroni corrected).</p

Schematic display of the semantic priming task (Directly related, DR; Indirectly related, IR; Unrelated, UR; Nonword, NW).

<p>After presenting a fixation cross for 500ms, the prime word was presented, lasting for 350ms. Immediately after the prime, the target appeared for 1000ms, followed by a hash symbol that was shown for the jittered range of 1500ms to 5000ms (ITI, Inter-trial-interval).</p

Late chronotypes show enhanced BOLD activation in the postcentral gyri.

<p>For the left postcentral gyrus, late chronotypes (LC) showed enhanced brain activation when processing unrelated (UR) prime-target word pairs compared to early chronotypes (EC). For the right postcentral gyrus, LCs exhibited a higher BOLD response than intermediate chronotypes (IC) when processing indirectly (IR) related prime-target words (Functional Imaging Data: MNI [x, y, z], mixed effects FLAME, P < .01).</p

Functional Imaging data.

<p>Abbreviations:</p><p>DR, directly related</p><p>IR, indirectly related</p><p>UR, unrelated</p><p>NW, non-words.</p><p>^aMNI coordinates.</p><p>^bBrodmann area.</p><p>R = Right Cerebrum.</p><p>L = Left Cerebrum.</p><p>^* P < .01.</p><p>Effects of chronotype. Mixed effects FLAME, P < .01.</p

Late chronotypes show enhanced BOLD activation in the superior frontal gyrus.

<p>For the right superior frontal gyrus, late chronotypes (LC) showed enhanced brain activation when processing indirectly (IR) related prime-target word pairs compared to early (EC) chronotypes (Functional Imaging Data: MNI [x, y, z], mixed effects FLAME, P < .01).</p

Repeated measures ANOVA analysis (n = 16) of 1 factor at 4 levels.

<p>Color bar represents Z-scores.</p

Mixed-effects statistical map of EEG-informed group analysis (n = 16) showing additional clusters in high vs. low intensity tones.

<p>Statistically significant voxels were thresholded at p <0.05. Color bar represents Z-scores.</p

Descriptive statistics of N1 and P2 ERPs.

<p>Descriptive statistics of N1 and P2 ERPs.</p