Initial Feasibility of a Woman-Focused Intervention for Pregnant African-American Women

African-American women who use crack are vulnerable to HIV because of the complex social circumstances in which they live. Drug-abuse treatment for these women during pregnancy may provide time for changing risk behaviors. This paper examines the initial 6-month feasibility of a women-focused HIV intervention, the Women's CoOp, adapted for pregnant women, relative to treatment-as-usual among 59 pregnant African-American women enrolled in drug-abuse treatment. At treatment entry, the women were largely homeless, unemployed, practicing unsafe sex, and involved in violence. Results indicated marked reductions in homelessness, use of cocaine and illegal drugs, involvement in physical violence, and an increase in knowledge of HIV from baseline to 6-month followup for both conditions. Findings suggest that the Women's CoOp intervention could be successfully adapted to treat this hard-to-reach population. Future studies should examine the efficacy of the pregnancy-adapted Women's CoOp for women not enrolled in drug-abuse treatment

“I Think Writing is…” A Multi-State Study of Teacher Candidates’ Changing Beliefs about Writing

While writing scholarship framed by sociocultural theory illuminates the complexity of writing, writing in schools is frequently presented in simplistic ways. For this to change, teacher educators must support future teachers to develop complex understandings of writing. The purpose of this multi-state study was to investigate teacher candidates’ changing beliefs about writing and to consider the implications for teacher preparation. Data sources were written responses from 113 teacher candidates to questions about good writing and the purposes of writing that were collected at the beginning and end of semester-long literacy courses in six institutions across the United States. The responses were examined using thematic and discourse analysis. Findings indicate that, almost all teacher candidates changed their beliefs related to writing as a social, personal, and/or school practice, although changes were minor. Responses centering writing as a school activity were pervasive, and certain key sociocultural understandings, such as the connections between writing, context, culture, and power, were absent. Implications highlight ways that teacher educators might work to disrupt and broaden teacher candidates’ beliefs about writing, so teacher candidates might expand how writing is taught in their future classrooms

The Teacher’s Role in Writing: A Study of Teacher Candidates’ Perceptions

A team of teacher education researchers conducted a qualitative study to explore how teacher candidates viewed the teacher’s role in teaching students to write. Participants (N = 107) enrolled in writing-focused methods courses across four universities completed a reflective quick write near the end of the course. Since writing is a complex and multidimensional activity, these responses were analyzed through the theoretical framework of social cognitive theory. When describing the role of the teacher, the data indicated candidates across all institutions primarily focused on the affective aspects of teaching writing, specifically supporting and developing students’ confidence in writing. Some mentioned the need for explicit instruction such as developing students’ writing skills and use of strategies. A smaller percentage included both the importance of affective and explicit instruction. Many candidates indicated the significance of the role that teachers play in students learning to write. Implications for writing pedagogy support within and beyond teacher preparation are discussed

Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women in Cape Town, South Africa: Drug Use, Sexual Behavior, and the Need for Comprehensive Services

The multiple risks associated with methamphetamine use are of serious concern for women. These risks and consequences are magnified during pregnancy. This secondary analysis of a parent study compared 26 pregnant to 356 nonpregnant women in Cape Town, South Africa, on selected demographic, psychosocial, and HIV-risk domains to identify their treatment service needs. Proportionally, more pregnant than nonpregnant women are using methamphetamine, P = .01, although a very high rate of women used methamphetamine. Women reported similar monthly rates of sexual intercourse, but pregnant women were significantly less likely to report condom use, P < .0001, maintaining their risky behavior. Both groups reported elevated Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale CES-D means, suggesting a need for depression treatment. Results demonstrate a pervasive need for women's comprehensive treatment, regardless of pregnancy status. Moreover, findings support the urgent need for women-focused and pregnancy-specific treatment services for methamphetamine use. Finally, a job-skills training/employment component focus is suggested

Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women in Cape Town, South Africa: Drug Use, Sexual Behavior, and the Need for Comprehensive Services

The multiple risks associated with methamphetamine use are of serious concern for women. These risks and consequences are magnified during pregnancy. This secondary analysis of a parent study compared 26 pregnant to 356 nonpregnant women in Cape Town, South Africa, on selected demographic, psychosocial, and HIV-risk domains to identify their treatment service needs. Proportionally, more pregnant than nonpregnant women are using methamphetamine, P = .01, although a very high rate of women used methamphetamine. Women reported similar monthly rates of sexual intercourse, but pregnant women were significantly less likely to report condom use, P < .0001, maintaining their risky behavior. Both groups reported elevated Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale CES-D means, suggesting a need for depression treatment. Results demonstrate a pervasive need for women's comprehensive treatment, regardless of pregnancy status. Moreover, findings support the urgent need for women-focused and pregnancy-specific treatment services for methamphetamine use. Finally, a job-skills training/employment component focus is suggested

Efficacy of the Young Women's CoOp: An HIV Risk-Reduction Intervention for Substance-Using African-American Female Adolescents in the South

HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk-reduction interventions are needed to address the complex risk behaviors among African-American female adolescents in disadvantaged communities in North Carolina. In a two-group randomized trial, we reached 237 sexually active, substance-using African-American female adolescents, to test a risk-reduction intervention, the Young Women’s CoOp (YWC), relative to a nutrition control. In efficacy analyses adjusting for baseline condom use, at three-month follow-up participants in the YWC were significantly less likely to report sex without a condom at last sex relative to control. There were mixed findings for within-group differences over follow-up, underscoring the challenges for intervening with substance-using female youths

Post-Acute Care Payment Reform Demonstration: Final Report Volume 4 of 4

This is the Final Report for the Post-Acute Care Payment Reform Demonstration (PAC-PRD), authorized by section 5008 of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, Public Law 109-171. The report has 12 sections, which are divided into four volumes: Volume 1: Executive Summary. Volume 2: Sections 1-4 (Section 1: Introduction; Section 2: Underlying Issues of the PAC-PRD Initiating Legislation; Section 3: Developing Standardized Measurement Approaches: The Continuity Assessment Record and Evaluation (CARE); Section 4: Demonstration Methods and Data Collection) Volume 3: Sections 5-6 (Section 5: Framework for Analysis; Section 6: Factors Associated with Hospital Discharge Destination) Volume 4: Sections 7-12; References (Section 7: Outcomes: Hospital Readmissions; Section 8: Outcomes: Functional Status; Section 9: Determinants of Resource Intensity: Methods and Analytic Sample Description; Section 10: Determinants of Resource Intensity: Lessons from the CART Analysis; Section 11: Determinants of Resource Intensity: Multivariate Regression Results; Section 12: Conclusions and Review of Findings; References

Post-Acute Care Payment Reform Demonstration: Final Report Volume 3 of 4

This is the Final Report for the Post-Acute Care Payment Reform Demonstration (PAC-PRD), authorized by section 5008 of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, Public Law 109-171. The report has 12 sections, which are divided into four volumes: Volume 1: Executive Summary. Volume 2: Sections 1-4 (Section 1: Introduction; Section 2: Underlying Issues of the PAC-PRD Initiating Legislation; Section 3: Developing Standardized Measurement Approaches: The Continuity Assessment Record and Evaluation (CARE); Section 4: Demonstration Methods and Data Collection) Volume 3: Sections 5-6 (Section 5: Framework for Analysis; Section 6: Factors Associated with Hospital Discharge Destination) Volume 4: Sections 7-12; References (Section 7: Outcomes: Hospital Readmissions; Section 8: Outcomes: Functional Status; Section 9: Determinants of Resource Intensity: Methods and Analytic Sample Description; Section 10: Determinants of Resource Intensity: Lessons from the CART Analysis; Section 11: Determinants of Resource Intensity: Multivariate Regression Results; Section 12: Conclusions and Review of Findings; References

Post-Acute Care Payment Reform Demonstration: Final Report Volume 2 of 4

This is the Final Report for the Post-Acute Care Payment Reform Demonstration (PAC-PRD), authorized by section 5008 of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, Public Law 109-171. The report has 12 sections, which are divided into four volumes: Volume 1: Executive Summary. Volume 2: Sections 1-4 (Section 1: Introduction; Section 2: Underlying Issues of the PAC-PRD Initiating Legislation; Section 3: Developing Standardized Measurement Approaches: The Continuity Assessment Record and Evaluation (CARE); Section 4: Demonstration Methods and Data Collection) Volume 3: Sections 5-6 (Section 5: Framework for Analysis; Section 6: Factors Associated with Hospital Discharge Destination) Volume 4: Sections 7-12; References (Section 7: Outcomes: Hospital Readmissions; Section 8: Outcomes: Functional Status; Section 9: Determinants of Resource Intensity: Methods and Analytic Sample Description; Section 10: Determinants of Resource Intensity: Lessons from the CART Analysis; Section 11: Determinants of Resource Intensity: Multivariate Regression Results; Section 12: Conclusions and Review of Findings; References