Synthesis of ‘unfeasible’ zeolites

R.E.M. thanks the Royal Society and the E.P.S.R.C. (Grants EP/L014475/1, EP/K025112/1 and EP/K005499/1) for funding work in this area. J.Č. and P.N. acknowledge the Czech Science Foundation for the project of the Centre of Excellence (P106/12/G015) and the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/ 2007-­‐2013) under grant agreement n°604307. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme under Grant Agreement 312483 – ESTEEM2 (Integrated Infrastructure Initiative–I3). We thank Professor Wuzong Zhou and Dr. Fengjiao Yu for their expertise in TEM and Daniel Dawson for help with NMR.Zeolites are porous aluminosilicate materials that have found applications in many different technologies. However, although simulations suggest that there are millions of possible zeolite topologies, only a little over 200 zeolite frameworks of all compositions are currently known, of which about 50 are pure silica materials. This is known as the zeolite conundrum - why have only so few of all the possible structures been made? Several criteria have been formulated to explain why most zeolites are unfeasible synthesis targets. Here we demonstrate the synthesis of two such 'unfeasible' zeolites, IPC-9 and IPC-10, through the assembly-disassembly-organization-reassembly mechanism. These new high-silica zeolites have rare characteristics, such as windows that comprise odd-membered rings. Their synthesis opens up the possibility of preparing other zeolites that have not been accessible by traditional solvothermal synthetic methods. We envisage that these findings may lead to a step change in the number and types of zeolites available for future applications.PostprintPeer reviewe

Neudesin in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the effect of acute fasting and weight reducing interventions

Helena Kratochvilova,1–3 Zdenka Lacinova,1–3 Jana Klouckova,1–3 Petra Kavalkova,2,3 Anna Cinkajzlova,1–3 Pavel Trachta,4 Jarmila Krizova,4 Marek Benes,5 Karin Dolezalova,6 Martin Fried,6 Zuzana Vlasakova,7 Terezie Pelikanova,7 Julius Spicak,5 Milos Mraz,2,3,7 Martin Haluzik1–3,7 1Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; 2Department of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; 3Department of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; 4Third Department of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; 5Hepatogastroenterology Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; 6Department of Surgery, OB Clinic, Prague, Czech Republic; 7Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic Context: Neudesin has recently been identified as a novel regulator of energy expenditure in experimental animals; however, its role in humans remains unexplored.Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) along with selected weight reducing interventions on serum neudesin levels and adipose tissue mRNA expression.Patients and methods: Fifteen obese subjects with T2DM undergoing endoscopic duodenal-jejunal bypass liner (DJBL) implantation, 17 obese subjects (11 with T2DM, 6 without T2DM) scheduled for gastric plication (GP), 15 subjects with functional hypoglycemia subjected to 72-hour acute fasting (AF), and 12 healthy controls were included in the study.Results: Baseline neudesin levels were comparable between all groups. DJBL increased neudesin at 6 and 10 months after the procedure (1.77±0.86 vs 2.28±1.27 vs 2.13±1.02 ng/mL, P=0.001 for baseline vs 6 vs 10 months) along with reduction in body weight and improvement of HbA1c without any effect on neudesin mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Conversely, GP did not affect neudesin levels despite marked reduction in body weight and improvement of HbA1c. In contrast, AF decreased neudesin levels during the entire period (1.74±0.54 vs 1.46±0.48 ng/mL, P=0.001 for baseline vs 72 hours) with no impact of subsequent re-alimentation on neudesin concentrations.Conclusion: Neudesin levels are differentially regulated during AF and chronic weight reduction induced by DJBL or GP. Further studies are needed to assess its possible significance in energy homeostasis regulation in humans. Keywords: neudesin, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, bariatric surgery, acute fasting, weight reduction, energy homeostasi

Exploiting chemically selective weakness in solids as a route to new porous materials

Weakness in a material, especially when challenged by chemical, mechanical or physical stimuli, is often viewed as something extremely negative. There are countless examples in which interesting-looking materials have been dismissed as being too unstable for an application. But instability with respect to a stimulus is not always a negative point. In this Perspective we highlight situations where weakness in a material can be used as a synthetic tool to prepare materials that, at present, are difficult or even impossible to prepare using traditional synthetic approaches. To emphasize the concept, we will draw upon examples in the field of nanoporous materials, concentrating on metal-organic frameworks and zeolites, but the general concepts are likely to be applicable across a wide range of materials chemistry. In zeolite chemistry, there is a particular problem with accessing hypothetical structures that this approach may solve