A new subsurface record of the Pliensbachian–Toarcian, Lower Jurassic, of Yorkshire

Here, we describe the upper Pliensbachian to middle Toarcian stratigraphy of the Dove’s Nest borehole, which was drilled near Whitby, North Yorkshire, in 2013. The core represents a single, continuous vertical section through unweathered, immature Lower Jurassic sedimentary rocks. The thickness of the Lias Group formations in the Dove’s Nest core is approximately the same as that exposed along the North Yorkshire coast between Hawsker Bottoms and Whitby. The studied succession consists of epeiric-neritic sediments and comprises cross-laminated very fine sandstones, (oolitic) ironstones, and argillaceous mudstones. Dark argillaceous mudstone is the dominant lithology. These sediments were deposited in the Cleveland Basin, a more subsident area of an epeiric sea, the Laurasian Sea. We present a set of geochemical data that includes organic carbon isotope ratios (δ13Corg) and total organic carbon (TOC). The δ13Corg record contains a negative excursion across the Pliensbachian–Toarcian boundary and another in the lower Toarcian that corresponds to the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE). Below the T-OAE negative excursion, δ13Corg values are less13C-depleted than above it. We find no evidence of a long-term δ13 Corg positive excursion. TOC values below the T-OAE negative excursion are lower than above it. Sedimentary evidence suggests that, during much of the Pliensbachian–Toarcian interval, the seafloor of the Cleveland Basin was above storm wave-base and that storm-driven bottom currents were responsible for much sediment erosion, transport, and redeposition during the interval of oceanic anoxia. The abrupt shifts observed in the δ13Corg record (lower Toarcian) are likely to reflect the impact of erosion by storms on the morphology of the δ13C record of the T-OAE

The Sirius Passet Lagerstatte: silica death masking opens the window on the earliest matground community of the Cambrian explosion

The Sirius Passet Lagerstätte (SP), Peary Land, North Greenland, occurs in black slates deposited at or just below storm wave base. It represents the earliest Cambrian microbial mat community with exceptional preservation, predating the Burgess Shale by 10 million years. Trilobites from the SP are preserved as complete, three-dimensional, concave hyporelief external moulds and convex epirelief casts. External moulds are shown to consist of a thin veneer of authigenic silica. The casts are formed from silicified cyanobacterial mat material. Silicification in both cases occurred shortly after death within benthic cyanobacterial mats. Pore waters were alkali, silica-saturated, high in ferric iron but low in oxygen and sulphate. Excess silica was likely derived from remobilized biogenic silica. The remarkable siliceous death mask preservation opens a new window on the environment and location of the Cambrian Explosion. This window closed with the appearance of abundant mat grazers later as the Cambrian Explosion intensified

A new subsurface record of the Pliensbachian–Toarcian, Lower Jurassic, of Yorkshire

Here, we describe the upper Pliensbachian to middle Toarcian stratigraphy of the Dove’s Nest borehole, which was drilled near Whitby, North Yorkshire, in 2013. The core represents a single, continuous vertical section through unweathered, immature Lower Jurassic sedimentary rocks. The thickness of the Lias Group formations in the Dove’s Nest core is approximately the same as that exposed along the North Yorkshire coast between Hawsker Bottoms and Whitby. The studied succession consists of epeiric-neritic sediments and comprises cross-laminated very fine sandstones, (oolitic) ironstones, and argillaceous mudstones. Dark argillaceous mudstone is the dominant lithology. These sediments were deposited in the Cleveland Basin, a more subsident area of an epeiric sea, the Laurasian Sea. We present a set of geochemical data that includes organic carbon isotope ratios (δ13Corg) and total organic carbon (TOC). The δ13Corg record contains a negative excursion across the Pliensbachian–Toarcian boundary and another in the lower Toarcian that corresponds to the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE). Below the T-OAE negative excursion, δ13Corg values are less13C-depleted than above it. We find no evidence of a long-term δ13 Corg positive excursion. TOC values below the T-OAE negative excursion are lower than above it. Sedimentary evidence suggests that, during much of the Pliensbachian–Toarcian interval, the seafloor of the Cleveland Basin was above storm wave-base and that storm-driven bottom currents were responsible for much sediment erosion, transport, and redeposition during the interval of oceanic anoxia. The abrupt shifts observed in the δ13Corg record (lower Toarcian) are likely to reflect the impact of erosion by storms on the morphology of the δ13C record of the T-OAE

Paleogeography of the West Burma Block and the eastern Neotethys Ocean: Constraints from Cenozoic sediments shed onto the Andaman-Nicobar ophiolites

The Andaman and Nicobar ophiolites, in the forearc of the western Sunda subduction zone, underwent enigmatic, rapid Cenozoic vertical motions: shallow-water sediments with abundant arc debris characterize the middle Paleocene–middle Eocene and are under- and overlain by significantly deeper sediments. Recent paleomagnetic results revealed a near-equatorial paleolatitude of the West Burma Block and the associated subduction zone, at a similar latitude as the Andaman forearc until the early Eocene, providing a new avenue toward explaining the unusual stratigraphy. Here, we studied the provenance of the clastic sediments of the Andaman-Nicobar accretionary ridge using petrography, geochemistry, and detrital zircon geochronology. We found that the Paleocene-Eocene Namunagarh Grit is likely to be derived from a then proximal, 60 Ma old arc that was likely located in the ocean to the north (present-day east) of the West Burma Block, west of Andaman-Nicobar. The Oligocene–lower Miocene East Andaman Flysch contains West Burma Block debris that traveled much farther and mixed with sediments derived from Sundaland. The West Andaman and Great Nicobar Flysch have an additional Himalayan source consistent with derivation from the downgoing plate. We interpret this history as reflecting the late Paleocene–early Eocene collision of the West Burma Block, likely then part of the Australian Plate, with the Andaman forearc causing uplift and proximal sedimentation shed from the colliding arc. Subsequent northward motion of the West Burma Block caused subsidence of the Andaman forarc and N-S opening of the Andaman Sea, which opened a pathway for Sundaland-derived sediments to reach the Andaman ophiolites. The recently proposed high Cenozoic mobility of the West Burma Block remains to be reconciled in detail with geological observations in Myanmar and Sundaland, but our results show that this scenario provides ample opportunity to explain the previously enigmatic stratigraphic evolution of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Paleogeography of the West Burma Block and the eastern Neotethys Ocean: Constraints from Cenozoic sediments shed onto the Andaman-Nicobar ophiolites

The Andaman and Nicobar ophiolites, in the forearc of the western Sunda subduction zone, underwent enigmatic, rapid Cenozoic vertical motions: shallow-water sediments with abundant arc debris characterize the middle Paleocene–middle Eocene and are under- and overlain by significantly deeper sediments. Recent paleomagnetic results revealed a near-equatorial paleolatitude of the West Burma Block and the associated subduction zone, at a similar latitude as the Andaman forearc until the early Eocene, providing a new avenue toward explaining the unusual stratigraphy. Here, we studied the provenance of the clastic sediments of the Andaman-Nicobar accretionary ridge using petrography, geochemistry, and detrital zircon geochronology. We found that the Paleocene-Eocene Namunagarh Grit is likely to be derived from a then proximal, 60 Ma old arc that was likely located in the ocean to the north (present-day east) of the West Burma Block, west of Andaman-Nicobar. The Oligocene–lower Miocene East Andaman Flysch contains West Burma Block debris that traveled much farther and mixed with sediments derived from Sundaland. The West Andaman and Great Nicobar Flysch have an additional Himalayan source consistent with derivation from the downgoing plate. We interpret this history as reflecting the late Paleocene–early Eocene collision of the West Burma Block, likely then part of the Australian Plate, with the Andaman forearc causing uplift and proximal sedimentation shed from the colliding arc. Subsequent northward motion of the West Burma Block caused subsidence of the Andaman forarc and N-S opening of the Andaman Sea, which opened a pathway for Sundaland-derived sediments to reach the Andaman ophiolites. The recently proposed high Cenozoic mobility of the West Burma Block remains to be reconciled in detail with geological observations in Myanmar and Sundaland, but our results show that this scenario provides ample opportunity to explain the previously enigmatic stratigraphic evolution of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

The glass ramp of Wrangellia: Late Triassic to Early Jurassic outer ramp environments of the McCarthy Formation, Alaska, U.S.A.

The marine record of the Triassic–Jurassic boundary interval has been studied extensively in shallow-marine successions deposited along the margins of Pangea, particularly its Tethyan margins. Several of these successions show a facies change from carbonate-rich to carbonate-poor strata attributed to the consequences of igneous activity in the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), which included a biocalcification crisis and the end-Triassic mass extinction. Evidence for a decline in calcareous and an increase in biosiliceous sedimentation across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary interval is currently limited to the continental margins of Pangea with no data from the open Panthalassan Ocean, the largest ocean basin. Here, we present a facies analysis of the McCarthy Formation (Grotto Creek, southcentral Alaska), which represents Norian to Hettangian deepwater sedimentation on Wrangellia, then an isolated oceanic plateau in the tropical eastern Panthalassan Ocean. The facies associations defined in this study represent changes in the composition and rate of biogenic sediment shedding from shallow water to the outer ramp. The uppermost Norian to lowermost Hettangian represent an ~ 8.9-Myr-long interval of sediment starvation dominated by pelagic sedimentation. Sedimentation rates during the Rhaetian were anomalously low compared to sedimentation rates in a similar lowermost Hettangian facies. Thus, we infer the likelihood of several short hiatuses in the Rhaetian, a result of reduced input of biogenic sediment. In the Hettangian, the boundary between the lower and upper members of the McCarthy Formation represents a change in the composition of shallow-water skeletal grains shed to the outer ramp from calcareous to biosiliceous. This change also coincides with an order-of-magnitude increase in sedimentation rates and represents the transition from a siliceous carbonate-ramp to a glass ramp ~ 400 kyr after the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. Sets of large-scale low-angle cross-stratification in the Hettangian are interpreted as a bottom current–induced sediment drift (contouritic sedimentation). The biosiliceous composition of densites (turbidites) and contourites in the Hettangian upper member reflects the Early Jurassic dominance of siliceous sponges over Late Triassic shallow-water carbonate environments. This dominance was brought about by the end-Triassic mass extinction and the collapse of the carbonate factory, as well as increased silica flux to the ocean as a response to the weathering of CAMP basalts. The presence of a glass ramp on Wrangellia supports the hypothesis that global increases in oceanic silica concentrations promoted widespread biosiliceous sedimentation on ramps across the Triassic to Jurassic transition

The glass ramp of Wrangellia: Late Triassic to Early Jurassic outer ramp environments of the McCarthy Formation, Alaska, U.S.A.

The marine record of the Triassic–Jurassic boundary interval has been studied extensively in shallow-marine successions deposited along the margins of Pangea, particularly its Tethyan margins. Several of these successions show a facies change from carbonate-rich to carbonate-poor strata attributed to the consequences of igneous activity in the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), which included a biocalcification crisis and the end-Triassic mass extinction. Evidence for a decline in calcareous and an increase in biosiliceous sedimentation across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary interval is currently limited to the continental margins of Pangea with no data from the open Panthalassan Ocean, the largest ocean basin. Here, we present a facies analysis of the McCarthy Formation (Grotto Creek, southcentral Alaska), which represents Norian to Hettangian deepwater sedimentation on Wrangellia, then an isolated oceanic plateau in the tropical eastern Panthalassan Ocean. The facies associations defined in this study represent changes in the composition and rate of biogenic sediment shedding from shallow water to the outer ramp. The uppermost Norian to lowermost Hettangian represent an ~ 8.9-Myr-long interval of sediment starvation dominated by pelagic sedimentation. Sedimentation rates during the Rhaetian were anomalously low compared to sedimentation rates in a similar lowermost Hettangian facies. Thus, we infer the likelihood of several short hiatuses in the Rhaetian, a result of reduced input of biogenic sediment. In the Hettangian, the boundary between the lower and upper members of the McCarthy Formation represents a change in the composition of shallow-water skeletal grains shed to the outer ramp from calcareous to biosiliceous. This change also coincides with an order-of-magnitude increase in sedimentation rates and represents the transition from a siliceous carbonate-ramp to a glass ramp ~ 400 kyr after the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. Sets of large-scale low-angle cross-stratification in the Hettangian are interpreted as a bottom current–induced sediment drift (contouritic sedimentation). The biosiliceous composition of densites (turbidites) and contourites in the Hettangian upper member reflects the Early Jurassic dominance of siliceous sponges over Late Triassic shallow-water carbonate environments. This dominance was brought about by the end-Triassic mass extinction and the collapse of the carbonate factory, as well as increased silica flux to the ocean as a response to the weathering of CAMP basalts. The presence of a glass ramp on Wrangellia supports the hypothesis that global increases in oceanic silica concentrations promoted widespread biosiliceous sedimentation on ramps across the Triassic to Jurassic transition

Scaphitid ammonites from the Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-Santonian) Western Canada Foreland Basin.

172 pages, 15 folded leaves of plates : illustrations (some color), maps (some color) ; 26 cm. chapter 1. Integrated, high-resolution allostratigraphic, biostratigraphic and carbon-isotope correlation of Coniacian strata (Upper Cretaceous), western Alberta and northern Montana / A. Guy Plint, Elizabeth A. Hooper, Meriem D. Grifi, Ireneusz Walaszczyk, Neil H. Landman, Darren R. Gröcke, João P. Trabucho Alexandre, and Ian Jarvis -- chapter 2. Inoceramid bivalves from the Coniacian and basal Santonian (Upper Cretaceous) of the Western Canada Foreland Basin / Ireneusz Walaszczyk, A. Guy Plint, and Neil H. Landman -- chapter 3. Scaphitid ammonites from the Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-Santonian) Western Canada Foreland Basin / Neil H. Landman, A. Guy Plint, and Ireneusz Walaszczyk

Paleogeography of the West Burma Block and the eastern Neotethys Ocean: Constraints from Cenozoic sediments shed onto the Andaman-Nicobar ophiolites

The Andaman and Nicobar ophiolites, in the forearc of the western Sunda subduction zone, underwent enigmatic, rapid Cenozoic vertical motions: shallow-water sediments with abundant arc debris characterize the middle Paleocene–middle Eocene and are under- and overlain by significantly deeper sediments. Recent paleomagnetic results revealed a near-equatorial paleolatitude of the West Burma Block and the associated subduction zone, at a similar latitude as the Andaman forearc until the early Eocene, providing a new avenue toward explaining the unusual stratigraphy. Here, we studied the provenance of the clastic sediments of the Andaman-Nicobar accretionary ridge using petrography, geochemistry, and detrital zircon geochronology. We found that the Paleocene-Eocene Namunagarh Grit is likely to be derived from a then proximal, 60 Ma old arc that was likely located in the ocean to the north (present-day east) of the West Burma Block, west of Andaman-Nicobar. The Oligocene–lower Miocene East Andaman Flysch contains West Burma Block debris that traveled much farther and mixed with sediments derived from Sundaland. The West Andaman and Great Nicobar Flysch have an additional Himalayan source consistent with derivation from the downgoing plate. We interpret this history as reflecting the late Paleocene–early Eocene collision of the West Burma Block, likely then part of the Australian Plate, with the Andaman forearc causing uplift and proximal sedimentation shed from the colliding arc. Subsequent northward motion of the West Burma Block caused subsidence of the Andaman forarc and N-S opening of the Andaman Sea, which opened a pathway for Sundaland-derived sediments to reach the Andaman ophiolites. The recently proposed high Cenozoic mobility of the West Burma Block remains to be reconciled in detail with geological observations in Myanmar and Sundaland, but our results show that this scenario provides ample opportunity to explain the previously enigmatic stratigraphic evolution of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands