Analyse comparée des crises économiques. Genèse, approfondissement et sortie de la crise russe et de la crise japonaise

Jean-Philippe Touffut, chercheur au laboratoire du ministère japonais de l’Industrie et du Commerce (KSKK) Le séminaire a commencé par un travail de définition et par un rappel des usages que les grandes théories économiques ont pu faire du concept de crise : il s’agissait de singulariser les crises japonaise et russe, puis de relativiser la spécificité de ces deux cas. Quand parle-t-on de crise ? Un seul type de crise existe-t-il ? Ses différentes acceptions sont-elles conciliables ? Quels s..

Analyse comparée des crises économiques. Genèse, approfondissement et sortie de la crise russe et de la crise japonaise

Jean-Philippe Touffut Le séminaire a commencé par un état des lieux : la profondeur des crises russe et japonaise contemporaines invite à relire les définitions que les grandes théories donnent du concept de crise. Leurs singularités remettent-elles en cause l’idée de crises canoniques, faut-il au contraire relativiser la spécificité de leurs deux cas ? Plus généralement, quand parle-t-on de crise ? Un seul type de crise existe-t-il ? Ses différentes acceptions sont-elles conciliables ? Quels..

Beyond patents: Scientific knowledge, and access to vaccine

Knowledge is a public good. Patents provide property rights in knowledge, which gives the patentee the right to exclude others from utilising the knowledge for the life of the patent. Patents in the field of pharmaceuticals are controversial because of the importance of the knowledge which they exclude others from using. Patents have come under significant criticism for this very reason – with some going as far as to claim that patent protection on pharmaceutical products as the cause of developing states having poor or limited access to life-saving pharmaceutical products. Most of the academic literature regarding access to medicines goes this same way. This paper challenges this viewpoint, and considers the barriers to generic access to medicines beyond patents. This paper looks beyond intellectual property rights to determine what other mechanisms exist that allow innovative vaccine manufacturers to control access to knowledge regarding their products which can act as a barrier to the utilisation of knowledge in the pharmaceutical industry, in a similar manner to intellectual property rights. This paper takes a case study approach considering non-patent-related barriers to access to medicines, focusing on pandemic influenza vaccines and the role of proprietary, non-patented knowledge. This paper concludes that manufacturers have an exclusive monopoly, not because of their intellectual property rights, but because the knowledge required to make the drug is not accessible to generic manufacturers, and highlights why this is the case. This paper argues that it is not the patent protection which is the barrier to introducing generic pandemic influenza vaccines, but rather it is the inaccessibility of knowledge which is not in the public domain, or the inability of manufacturers in developing states to utilise this knowledge, which is the true barrier in this field

Aspectos clínicos e macroscópicos da palatoplastia imediata com implante de cartilagem da pina articular, conservada em glicerina a 98%, após indução experimental de fenda palatina em cães Clinic and macroscopic view of immediate palatoplasty with auricular pinna cartilage preserved in 98% glycerin in canine experimental palat cleft

Os defeitos de espessura completa do palato que resultam em comunicação oro-nasal raramente cicatrizam espontaneamente. Eles requerem reparo cirúrgico, porém, pode ser difícil obter cicatrização satisfatória devido às condições próprias das cavidades nasal e oral. Neste experimento, foram utilizados 14 cães, reunidos em dois grupos de igual número. Todos animais foram submetidos à indução de fenda palatina experimental. O grupo G1 foi o controle, cuja palatoplastia foi realizada a partir da confecção de "flap" muco-periósteo. No grupo G2, foi utilizada cartilagem da pina auricular conservada em glicerina a 98% entre o osso palatino e o muco-periósteo. Os animais foram avaliados macroscopicamente quanto ao processo cicatricial, por radiografias para a regeneração óssea e por rinoscopia para observar a regeneração da mucosa nasal. Foi observada a cicatrização da mucosa oral a partir do 10&ordm; dia, com deiscência de sutura em dois animais do grupo G1. A radiografia demonstrou evolução na cicatrização óssea, num processo mais acelerado no grupo G2 quando comparado ao grupo G1. A rinoscopia revelou, aos 60 dias, completa regeneração da mucosa nasal em ambos os grupos. Ao final do período de avaliação foi observada macroscopicamente, completa fusão óssea nos animais do grupo G2 e incompleta nos do grupo G1, o que demonstrou a interferência benéfica do implante no processo cicatricial do grupo G2.<br>The incomplete defects of hard palate result in oro-nasal fistula seldom cure themselves in a spontaneous way, due to limited condition in oral and nasal cavity it may be difficult to obtain satisfactory cicatrization, requiring surgery to interfere in the healing process. Fourteen dogs arranged in two groups were submitted to experimental hard palate cleft. The G1 group was the control group, in which palatoplasty was achieved with mucous-periosteum flap. In the G2 group, a preserved at 98% glycerin auricular pinna cartilage was used between the palate bone and mucous-periosteum. The mucosal healing and bone regeneration were evaluated, radiographied and the nasal mucosa was observed by rhinoscopy. The oral mucosa heal was observed at the tenth day, but the suture dehiscence occurred in two dogs from the G1 group. The radiography evaluation demonstrated bone regeneration evolution quicker in the G2 group, than in the G1 group. The complete nasal mucous regeneration was demonstrated by rhinoscopy at the sixtieth day. The conclusive evaluation observed full bone union in the G2 group and unachieved bone union in the G1 group, which showed graft interference in the G2 group bone regeneration