Consideraciones sobre la formalización del comportamiento organizacional

En este ensayo, se analiza la formalización del comportamiento organizacional, desde el punto de vista de las diversas perspectivas que pueden dar aparición al proceso en el marco de la conformación de la estructura organizacional. La formalización, vinculada con la implementación de procesos predefinidos que buscan limitar la discrecionalidad de los operadores, favorece la generación de resultados estandarizados. Muchas veces mal interpretada como un exceso de burocracia, la formalización aún no ha dado todo de sí, por ello resulta interesante revisar el concepto en profundidad, advirtiendo sus numerosas facetas y dominándolas en la configuración organizacional, de manera de lograr lo mejor de su propósito y su razón de ser

Considerations on the formalization of organizational behavior

En este ensayo, se analiza la formalización del comportamiento organizacional, desde el punto de vista de las diversas perspectivas que pueden dar aparición al proceso en el marco de la conformación de la estructura organizacional. La formalización, vinculada con la implementación de procesos predefinidos que buscan limitar la discrecionalidad de los operadores, favorece la generación de resultados estandarizados. Muchas veces mal interpretada como un exceso de burocracia, la formalización aún no ha dado todo de sí, por ello resulta interesante revisar el concepto en profundidad, advirtiendo sus numerosas facetas y dominándolas en la configuración organizacional, de manera de lograr lo mejor de su propósito y su razón de ser.This essay analyzes the formalization of organizational behavior. This analysis is made from the point of view of different perspectives that can explain the process within the framework of the organizational structure. The formalization, linked to the implementation of predefined processes that seek to limit the discretion of operators, favours the generation of standardized outcomes. Many times misinterpreted as an excess of bureaucracy, the formalization has not given everything yet, so it is interesting to review the concept profoundly, noting its numerous aspects and dominating them in organizational settings, in order to achieve the best of its purpose and its raison d’être .Facultad de Ciencias Económica

Considerations on the formalization of organizational behavior

En este ensayo, se analiza la formalización del comportamiento organizacional, desde el punto de vista de las diversas perspectivas que pueden dar aparición al proceso en el marco de la conformación de la estructura organizacional. La formalización, vinculada con la implementación de procesos predefinidos que buscan limitar la discrecionalidad de los operadores, favorece la generación de resultados estandarizados. Muchas veces mal interpretada como un exceso de burocracia, la formalización aún no ha dado todo de sí, por ello resulta interesante revisar el concepto en profundidad, advirtiendo sus numerosas facetas y dominándolas en la configuración organizacional, de manera de lograr lo mejor de su propósito y su razón de ser.This essay analyzes the formalization of organizational behavior. This analysis is made from the point of view of different perspectives that can explain the process within the framework of the organizational structure. The formalization, linked to the implementation of predefined processes that seek to limit the discretion of operators, favours the generation of standardized outcomes. Many times misinterpreted as an excess of bureaucracy, the formalization has not given everything yet, so it is interesting to review the concept profoundly, noting its numerous aspects and dominating them in organizational settings, in order to achieve the best of its purpose and its raison d’être .Facultad de Ciencias Económica

Considerations on the formalization of organizational behavior

En este ensayo, se analiza la formalización del comportamiento organizacional, desde el punto de vista de las diversas perspectivas que pueden dar aparición al proceso en el marco de la conformación de la estructura organizacional. La formalización, vinculada con la implementación de procesos predefinidos que buscan limitar la discrecionalidad de los operadores, favorece la generación de resultados estandarizados. Muchas veces mal interpretada como un exceso de burocracia, la formalización aún no ha dado todo de sí, por ello resulta interesante revisar el concepto en profundidad, advirtiendo sus numerosas facetas y dominándolas en la configuración organizacional, de manera de lograr lo mejor de su propósito y su razón de ser.This essay analyzes the formalization of organizational behavior. This analysis is made from the point of view of different perspectives that can explain the process within the framework of the organizational structure. The formalization, linked to the implementation of predefined processes that seek to limit the discretion of operators, favours the generation of standardized outcomes. Many times misinterpreted as an excess of bureaucracy, the formalization has not given everything yet, so it is interesting to review the concept profoundly, noting its numerous aspects and dominating them in organizational settings, in order to achieve the best of its purpose and its raison d’être .Facultad de Ciencias Económica

Extended product life cycle model: plc approach from the perspective of large technological systems

El modelo de Ciclo de Vida de Producto Ampliado (CVP Ampliado) es una propuesta elaborada a partir de la confluencia de dos visiones preexistentes: por un lado, la concepción de grandes sistemas tecnológicos, desarrollada por Thomas Hughes en 1987 y, por otra parte, el modelo de ciclo de vida de producto (CVP). El modelo CVP Ampliado pretende favorecer la comprensión de las fases que se suceden desde el proceso de invención de un principio básico, la generación del producto innovador, su introducción al mercado, su madurez y su declinación. Cada fase propone desafíos desde el punto de vista tecnológico y empresarial, y retrata la llegada de determinados actores que configuran una red social compleja y variada. El ensayo comienza por analizar la conformación de los grandes sistemas tecnológicos, una perspectiva propia de los estudios sociales de la tecnología, que concentra su atención en la caracterización de las fases por las que atraviesan los grandes sistemas tecnológicos, entendidos como constructos sociotécnicos. A continuación, se propone un recorrido por las principales particularidades del modelo de ciclo de vida del producto, modelo prescriptivo desarrollado a finales de los años 60, comúnmente utilizado para la evaluación de cartera de productos. Encontrando puntos de contacto entre ambas visiones, se propone una herramienta de análisis que integra las dos representaciones: el modelo CVP Ampliado. Se asume que esta perspectiva favorecerá la comprensión de la trayectoria desde los laboratorios de investigación hacia la inserción en los mercados, la visibilización de las tensiones que podrían producirse como resultado de la convergencia de múltiples actores con posiciones e intereses divergentes y la apreciación del foco de la toma de decisiones en el contexto de cada fase o estadio. La propuesta podrá originar estudios e investigaciones específicos posteriores, vinculados a la identificación de trayectorias particulares a nivel de producto, de sistema técnico o de colectivo social y a la generación de procesos de aprendizajes específicos a nivel organizacional.The Expanded Life Cycle Product (Expanded LCP) model is a proposal developed from the confluence of two pre-existing visions: on the one hand, the conception of large technological systems, developed by Thomas Hughes in 1987 and, on the other hand, the life cycle product model (LCP). The Expanded LCP model aims to promote the understanding of the phases that follow from the invention process of a basic principle, the generation of the innovative product, its introduction to the market, its maturity and its decline. Each phase proposes challenges from a technological and business point of view and portrays the arrival of certain actors that make up a complex and varied social network. The essay begins by analysing the construction of large technological systems, a perspective typical of social technology studies, which concentrates its attention on the characterisation of the phases that large technological systems go through, understood as sociotechnical constructs. The following is a tour of the main features of the product life cycle model, a prescriptive model developed in the late 1960s and used for evaluating the product portfolio. Finding points of contact between both visions, the Extended LCP model proposes an analysis tool that integrates the two representations. This perspective will favour the understanding of the trajectory from research laboratories to market insertion, the visibility of the possible tensions as a result of the convergence of multiple actors with divergent positions and interests, and the appreciation of the focus on the decision making in the context of each phase or stage. The proposal may originate subsequent specific studies and research, linked to identifying particular trajectories at the product level, technical system or social group, to the generation of specific learning processes at the organisational level.Facultad de Ciencias Económica

Strategies for fast and low-dose laboratory-based phase contrast tomography for microstructural scaffold analysis in tissue engineering

The application of x-ray phase contrast computed tomography (PCT) to the field of tissue engineering is dis- cussed. Specific focus is on the edge illumination PCT method, which can be adapted to weakly coherent x-ray sources, permitting PCT imaging in standard (non-synchrotron) laboratory environments. The method was applied to a prominent research topic in tissue engineering, namely the development of effective and reliable decellularization protocols to derive scaffolds from native tissue. Results show that edge illumination PCT provides sufficient image quality to evaluate the microstructural integrity of scaffolds and, thus, to assess the performance of the used decellularization technique. In order to highlight that edge illumination PCT can ultimately comply with demands on a high specimen throughput and low doses of radiation, recently developed strategies for scan time and dose reduction are discussed

Development of a porcine acellular bladder matrix for tissue-engineered bladder reconstruction

PURPOSE: Enterocystoplasty is adopted for patients requiring bladder augmentation, but significant long-term complications highlight need for alternatives. We established a protocol for creating a natural-derived bladder extracellular matrix (BEM) for developing tissue-engineered bladder, and investigated its structural and functional characteristics. METHODS: Porcine bladders were de-cellularised with a dynamic detergent-enzymatic treatment using peristaltic infusion. Samples and fresh controls were evaluated using histological staining, ultrastructure (electron microscopy), collagen, glycosaminoglycans and DNA quantification and biomechanical testing. Compliance and angiogenic properties (Chicken chorioallantoic membrane [CAM] assay) were evaluated. T test compared stiffness and glycosaminoglycans, collagen and DNA quantity. p value of < 0.05 was regarded as significant. RESULTS: Histological evaluation demonstrated absence of cells with preservation of tissue matrix architecture (collagen and elastin). DNA was 0.01 μg/mg, significantly reduced compared to fresh tissue 0.13 μg/mg (p < 0.01). BEM had increased tensile strength (0.259 ± 0.022 vs 0.116 ± 0.006, respectively, p < 0.0001) and stiffness (0.00075 ± 0.00016 vs 0.00726 ± 0.00216, p = 0.011). CAM assay showed significantly increased number of convergent allantoic vessels after 6 days compared to day 1 (p < 0.01). Urodynamic studies showed that BEM maintains or increases capacity and compliance. CONCLUSION: Dynamic detergent-enzymatic treatment produces a BEM which retains structural characteristics, increases strength and stiffness and is more compliant than native tissue. Furthermore, BEM shows angiogenic potential. These data suggest the use of BEM for development of tissue-engineered bladder for patients requiring bladder augmentation

High contrast microstructural visualisation of natural acellular matrices by means of phase-based x-ray tomography

Acellular scaffolds obtained via decellularization are a key instrument in regenerative medicine both per se and to drive the development of future-generation synthetic scaffolds that could become available off-the-shelf. In this framework, imaging is key to the understanding of the scaffolds’ internal structure as well as their interaction with ells and other organs, including ideally post-implantation. Scaffolds of a wide range of intricate organs (oesophagus, lung, liver and small intestine) were imaged with x-ray phase contrast computed tomography (PC-CT). Image quality was sufficiently high to visualize scaffold micro architecture and to detect major anatomical features, such as the oesophageal mucosal-submucosal separation, pulmonary alveoli and intestinal villi. These results are a long-sought step for the field of regenerative medicine: until now, histology and scanning electron microscopy have been the gold standard to study the scaffold structure. However, they are both destructive: hence, they are not suitable for imaging scaffolds prior to transplantation, and have no prospect for post-transplantation use. PC-CT, on the other hand, is non-destructive, 3D and fully quantitative. Importantly, not only do we demonstrate achievement of high image quality at two different synchrotron facilities, but also with commercially available x-ray equipment, which makes the method instantly available worldwide to any research laboratory

High contrast microstructural visualization of natural acellular matrices by means of phase-based x-ray tomography

Acellular scaffolds obtained via decellularization are a key instrument in regenerative medicine both per se and to drive the development of future-generation synthetic scaffolds that could become available off-the-shelf. In this framework, imaging is key to the understanding of the scaffolds\u2019 internal structure as well as their interaction with cells and other organs, including ideally post-implantation. Scaffolds of a wide range of intricate organs (esophagus, lung, liver and small intestine) were imaged with x-ray phase contrast computed tomography (PC-CT). Image quality was sufficiently high to visualize scaffold microarchitecture and to detect major anatomical features, such as the esophageal mucosal-submucosal separation, pulmonary alveoli and intestinal villi. These results are a long-sought step for the field of regenerative medicine; until now, histology and scanning electron microscopy have been the gold standard to study the scaffold structure. However, they are both destructive: hence, they are not suitable for imaging scaffolds prior to transplantation, and have no prospect for post-transplantation use. PC-CT, on the other hand, is non-destructive, 3D and fully quantitative. Importantly, not only do we demonstrate achievement of high image quality at two different synchrotron facilities, but also with commercial x-ray equipment, which makes the method available to any research laboratory

Optimization of SDS exposure on preservation of ECM characteristics in whole organ decellularization of rat kidneys

Renal transplantation is well established as the optimal form of renal replacement therapy but is restricted by the limited pool of organs available for transplantation. The whole organ decellularisation approach is leading the way for a regenerative medicine solution towards bioengineered organ replacements. However, systematic preoptimization of both decellularization and recellularization parameters is essential prior to any potential clinical application and should be the next stage in the evolution of whole organ decellularization as a potential strategy for bioengineered organ replacements. Here we have systematically assessed two fundamental parameters (concentration and duration of perfusion) with regards to the effects of differing exposure to the most commonly used single decellularizing agent (sodium dodecyl sulphate/SDS) in the perfusion decellularization process for whole rat kidney ECM bioscaffolds, with findings showing improved preservation of both structural and functional components of the whole kidney ECM bioscaffold. Whole kidney bioscaffolds based on our enhanced protocol were successfully recellularized with rat primary renal cells and mesenchymal stromal cells. These findings should be widely applicable to decellularized whole organ bioscaffolds and their optimization in the development of regenerated organ replacements for transplantation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2016