MORPHOLOGY STUDY OF PLAI PATCH BY THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE. PART I: CHITOSAN AND HYDROXYPROPYLMETHYLCELLULOSE BLENDS

Objective: The compound D or (E)-4-(3', 4'-dimethoxyphenyl)-but-3-en-1-ol is the main active chemical constituent in Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Plai) used for the treatment of asthma, for muscle and joint pain. This research aimed to study the surface morphology of Plai patch after in vitro release study of compound D. This patch made from polymer blends consisted of chitosan and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose using glycerine as plasticizer. Methods: The crude Plai oil was dissolved in absolute ethanol and homogeneously mixed into the polymer blends solution consisted of chitosan, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, and glycerine, and then dried in hot air oven to produce the Plai patch. The Plai patch was placed into Franz cell diffusion apparatus for 24 hours. After that, the Plai patch was photographed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to study the morphology of this patch after compound D release. Results: The morphology of the Plai patch after the release of compound D was visualized by SEM. The morphology of Plai patch made from polymer blends between chitosan, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, and glycerine had various numbers of pores, suggesting that the release of compound D occur mainly in patch surfaces and its might diffused through the matrix pores due to the active compound solubilization in the receptor medium, isotonic phosphate buffer pH 7.4: ethanol = 8:2. Conclusion: When the Plai patch absorbed the moisture and fluid from receptor medium, the Plai patch might swell and release the compound D, main active compound in Plai from this patch. This might contributed the pore in Plai patch

SCREENING OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT IN RAPHANUS SATIVUS POD

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Raphanus sativus L. Var. caudatus Alef pod extracts. Methods: In this study, the extract of R. sativus pod was prepared in three different types of solvent. The antioxidant activitiy of R. sativus extract was determined using a spectrophotometric technique, based on a free radical diphenyl-picryhydrazyl scavenging assay (DPPH assay) and a ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP assay). Total phenolic content was also observed using the spectrophotometric technique. Results: The result showed that the antioxidant activity which was expressed by IC50 values varied from 1,365 to 4,371 mg/ml and 312 to 6,478 mg/ml, based on DPPH assay and FRAP assay, respectively. Total phenolic content was also evaluated and calculated as gallic acid equivalents which ranged from 0.26 to 34.60 mg gallic acid per 100 g fresh sample. Conclusion: It was suggested that hexane extract of R. sativus pod contained the highest amount of phenolic compounds in comparison with those of dichloromethane part and ethanol part. The result from FRAP assay was positively correlated to total phenolic content which the highest antioxidant value belongs to the hexane extract of R. sativus pod. It was concluded that R. sativus pod contained phenolic compounds which showed mild antioxidant activity

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF LC-MS METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF A TRADITIONAL THAI ANTIHYPERTENSIVE HERBAL RECIPE

Objective: To develop a new validated LC-MS method in which can be used for identification and quantification of the active pharmaceutical compounds in a traditional Thai antihypertensive herbal recipe (TTAH). Methods:  First, a quadrupole-ion trap MS was used to identify the active pharmaceutical compounds to facilitate a set of markers in the TTAH using multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) method. Coupling to LC in gradients mode, the chromatogram of the TTAH was established. Second, the method validation was conducted to observe several parameters, such as, carryover, linearity, a limit of detection, a limit of quantification, precision, accuracy, robustness, specificity, and system suitability. Results: Piperine, imperatorin, and pinostrobin were identified using the quadrupole-ion trap MS by comparison the mass spectrum of the TTAH samples and reference standards. The parent and product ions were optimized using MRM method. Good chromatographic peaks were achieved along with a simple and fast analysis. All parameters were validated and found that the method reported in this article can be used to quantify the amount of piperine, imperatorin, and pinostrobin in the TTAH. Conclusion: Piperine, imperatorin, and pinostrobin were selected as the markers in LC-MS analysis of the TTAH. This new validated LC-MS method is readily to use in a quality assurance of the TTAH

การสร้างข้อกำหนดมาตรฐานของสารสกัด rhinacanthins จากใบทองพันชั่ง

Thesis (M.Pharm., Pharmaceutical Sciences)--Prince of Songkla University, 200

EVALUATION OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF A TRADITIONAL THAI ANTIHYPERTENSIVE HERBAL RECIPE IN VARIOUS PREPARATIONS

Objective: The purpose of this article was to prepare a new suitable dosage form of a traditional Thai antihypertensive herbal recipe (TTAH). All details in a preformulation study and physicochemical properties of the preparations were reported. Methods: Three different formulations were prepared and evaluated for their physicochemical properties. The preformulation studies were investigated including angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr's index, and Hausner ratio before further formulation.The appropriate formulations were evaluated in their physicochemical properties such as weight variation, friability, thickness, hardness, disintegration time, and content uniformity. Results: The C1 capsule contained 400 mg of herbal powder was the best dosage form because of its good results in physicochemical properties evaluation such as weight variation (489.2±10.84 mg), disintegration time (4.02±1.20 min), and content uniformity (piperine98.38±1.78%, imperatorin98.60±1.08%, and pinostrobin102.44±1.29%). Conclusion: Considering to formulation of the TTAH as a capsule, a tablet, or a pill, many parameters were evaluated. Pills and tablets failed on at least one criterion, with difficulties in manufacturing or disintegrating ability being recorded. Capsules passed all tested criteria and became the formulation of choice for TTAH

Zingiber cassumunar blended patches for skin application: Formulation, physicochemical properties, and in vitro studies

Our work was to study the preparation, physicochemical characterization, and in vitro characteristic of Zingiber cassumunar blended patches. The Z. cassumunar blended patches incorporating Z. cassumunar Roxb. also known as Plai were prepared from chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol with glycerin as plasticizer. They were prepared by adding all ingredients in a beaker and homogeneously mixing them. Then, they were transferred into Petri-dish and dried in hot air oven. The hydrophilic nature of the Z. cassumunar blended patches was confirmed by the moisture uptake, swelling ratio, erosion, and porosity values. The FTIR, DSC, XRD, and SEM studies showed revealed blended patches with amorphous region that was homogeneously smooth and compact in both surface and cross section dimensions. They exhibited controlled the release behavior of (E)-4-(3′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl) but-3-en-l-ol (compound D) that is the main active compound in Z. cassumunar for anti-inflammation activity. However, in in vitro skin permeation study, the compound D was accumulated in newborn pig skin more than in the receptor medium. Thus, the blended patches showed the suitable entrapment and controlled release of compound D. Accordingly, we have demonstrated that such chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol formulated patches might be developed for medical use