6 research outputs found
Enhanced Brownian Ratchet Molecular Separation Using a Self-Spreading Lipid Bilayer
A new approach is proposed for two-dimensional molecular
separation
based on the Brownian ratchet mechanism by use of a self-spreading
lipid bilayer as both a molecular transport and separation medium.
In addition to conventional diffusivity-dependence on the ratchet
separation efficiency, the difference in the intermolecular interactions
between the target molecules and the lipid bilayer is also incorporated
as a new separation factor in the present self-spreading ratchet system.
Spreading at the gap between two ratchet obstacles causes a local
change in the lipid density at the gap. This effect produces an additional
opportunity for a molecule to be deflected at the ratchet obstacle
and thus causes an additional angle shift. This enables the separation
of molecules with the same diffusivity but with different intermolecular
interaction between the target molecule and surrounding lipid molecules.
Here we demonstrate this aspect by using cholera toxin subunit B (CTB)–ganglioside
GM1 (GM1) complexes with different configurations. The present results
will unlock a new strategy for two-dimensional molecular manipulation
with ultrasmall devices
Enhanced Brownian Ratchet Molecular Separation Using a Self-Spreading Lipid Bilayer
A new approach is proposed for two-dimensional molecular
separation
based on the Brownian ratchet mechanism by use of a self-spreading
lipid bilayer as both a molecular transport and separation medium.
In addition to conventional diffusivity-dependence on the ratchet
separation efficiency, the difference in the intermolecular interactions
between the target molecules and the lipid bilayer is also incorporated
as a new separation factor in the present self-spreading ratchet system.
Spreading at the gap between two ratchet obstacles causes a local
change in the lipid density at the gap. This effect produces an additional
opportunity for a molecule to be deflected at the ratchet obstacle
and thus causes an additional angle shift. This enables the separation
of molecules with the same diffusivity but with different intermolecular
interaction between the target molecule and surrounding lipid molecules.
Here we demonstrate this aspect by using cholera toxin subunit B (CTB)–ganglioside
GM1 (GM1) complexes with different configurations. The present results
will unlock a new strategy for two-dimensional molecular manipulation
with ultrasmall devices
Substrate-Induced Structure and Molecular Dynamics in a Lipid Bilayer Membrane
The solid-substrate-dependent structure
and dynamics of molecules
in a supported lipid bilayer (SLB) were directly investigated via
atomic force microscopy (AFM) and single particle tracking (SPT) measurements.
The appearance of either vertical or horizontal heterogeneities in
the SLB was found to be strongly dependent on the underlying substrates.
SLB has been widely used as a biointerface with incorporated proteins
and other biological materials. Both silica and mica are popular substrates
for SLB. Using single-molecule dynamics, the fluidity of the upper
and lower membrane leaflets was found to depend on the substrate,
undergoing coupling and decoupling on the SiO<sub>2</sub>/Si and mica
substrates, respectively. The anisotropic diffusion caused by the
locally destabilized structure of the SLB at atomic steps appeared
on the Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(0001) substrate because of the
strong van der Waals interaction between the SLB and the substrate.
Our finding that the well-defined surfaces of mica and sapphire result
in asymmetry and anisotropy in the plasma membrane is useful for the
design of new plasma-membrane-mimetic systems. The application of
well-defined supporting substrates for SLBs should have similar effects
as cell membrane scaffolds, which regulate the dynamic structure of
the membrane
Observation of Defocus Images of a Single Metal Nanorod
We examined an emission of light from a single metallic
nanoparticle
based on surface plasmon (SP) resonance for determination of three-dimensional
orientation of nanoparticles as well as their optical properties.
The defocused image of individual Au nanorods (Au NRs) is recorded
by changing the focus distance under total internal reflection microscopy
(TIRM) observations. Numerical and statistical analysis revealed that
the observed light distribution patterns of Au NRs defocused images
were classified into two groups. One is explained by considering that
a single dipole dominates its light emission property. The other is
explained by assuming the presence of multidipoles. This result leads
us to a consideration that the emission of light coupled with the
transverse and the longitudinal SP modes was observed reflecting the
optical characteristics of NRs. Additionally, unique multiple ring
patterns were also observed by placing Au NRs at the vicinity of nanoscopic
structure, reflecting the distance between NRs and the wall of the
structure in the scale less than a few tens of nanometers. The inclusive
SP measurement for both the transverse and longitudinal axes of these
anisotropic metal NRs using a defocused imaging system brings us reliable
optical and conformational information
Imaging Characterization of Cluster-Induced Morphological Changes of a Model Cell Membrane
Understanding
the activity of nanomaterials at the lipid bilayer
surface can provide key information for the feasible design of functional
bioactive agents. Herein, we used micro- and nanoscopic imaging techniques
to evaluate the activity of nanometer-sized inorganic clusters and
report that destruction of the lipid membrane is induced by a cluster-induced
morphological change on the membrane surface. As model experiments,
we used the Keggin-type polyoxometalate (POM) SiW<sub>12</sub>O<sub>40</sub><sup>4–</sup> for the inorganic cluster and a 1,2-dimyristoyl-<i>sn</i>-glycerol-3-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and egg phosphatidylcholine
(EPC) bilayer for the cell membrane. Imaging experiments revealed
vigorous desorption of the lipid bilayer from solid substrate by the
formation of POM–lipid assembly through a supramolecular-type
assembly process in which electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions
between the POM and lipid determine the efficiency and dynamics of
assembly formation and thereby determine lipid desorption. Furthermore,
maximum efficiency of lipid desorption was found at the phase-transition
temperature. This phase dependency was explained by the formation
of a “leaky interface” between the gel and fluid domains,
in which freedom in the conformational change of lipids during the
formation of the POM–lipid assemblies becomes maximal
Lateral Diffusion and Molecular Interaction in a Bilayer Membrane Consisting of Partially Fluorinated Phospholipids
Fluorinated lipids
and surfactants are attractive biomimetic materials
for the extraction and reorganization of membrane proteins because
of the biological inertness of fluorocarbons. We investigated the
fundamental physical properties of a partially fluorinated phospholipid
(F4-DMPC), such as phase transition, area thermal expansion, and lateral
lipid diffusion, to evaluate the intermolecular interaction of F4-DMPC
in the hydrophobic region quantitatively on the basis of free-volume
theory. Fluorescence microscope observation of the supported lipid
bilayer (SLB) of F4-DMPC showed that the phase transition between
the liquid crystalline and gel phases occurred at 5 °C and that
the area thermal expansion coefficient was independent of the temperature
near the phase transition temperature. We performed a single particle
tracking of the F4-DMPC-SLB on a SiO<sub>2</sub>/Si substrate, to
measure the diffusion coefficient and its temperature dependence.
The apparent activation energy (<i>E</i>′<sub>a</sub>) of lateral lipid diffusion, which is an indicator of intermolecular
interaction, was 39.1 kJ/mol for F4-DMPC, and 48.2 kJ/mol for a nonfluorinated
1,2-dioleoyl-<i>sn</i>-glycero-3-phosphocholine as a control.
The difference of 9 kJ/mol in <i>E</i>′<sub>a</sub> was significant compared with the difference due to the acyl chain
species among nonfluorinated phosphatidylcholine and also that caused
by the addition of cholesterol and alcohol in the bilayer membranes.
We quantitatively evaluated the attenuation of intermolecular interaction,
which results from the competition between the dipole-induced packing
effect and steric effect at the fluorocarbon segment in F4-DMPC