Additional file 2: of l-carnitine in critically ill patients—a case series study

Figure S2. Distribution of carnitine concentrations on ICU admission. (a) The distribution of t-Carnitine on ICU admission is shown in the histogram. The mean t-Carnitine was 94.9 ± 79.6 nmol/mL, and the median t-Carnitine was 64.2 (50.5–102.3) nmol/mL. (b) The distribution of f-Carnitine on ICU admission is shown in the histogram. The mean f-Carnitine was 68.6 ± 51.2 nmol/mL, and the median f-Carnitine was 50.5 (36.8–80.3) nmol/mL. (ZIP 160 kb

Additional file 3: of l-carnitine in critically ill patients—a case series study

Figure S3. Comparison of f-Carnitine transition among the patients with f-Carnitine increased and decreased. The transition of f-Carnitine area for 14 days plotted at each sampling point. The round and square signs within the figure indicate the medians for f-Carnitine, and the error bars indicate 25th and 75th percentile range. The dotted lines indicate the upper and lower reference values for f-Carnitine. The patients whose data are lacking at day 7 or day 14 were excluded from this analysis. (TIFF 123 kb

Additional file 5: of l-carnitine in critically ill patients—a case series study

Table S1. Clinical outcomes according to f-carnitine levels at ICU admissiona. (DOCX 21 kb

Additional file 1: of l-carnitine in critically ill patients—a case series study

Figure S1. Flowchart of study enrollment. (TIFF 117 kb

Additional file 4: of l-carnitine in critically ill patients—a case series study

Figure S4. Correlation of BMI and SOFA score with the change in f-Carnitine from day 0 to day 14. (a) Each plot depicts a relationship between the BMI on the x-axis, and the change of f-Carnitine from day 0 to day 14 (Δ f-Carnitine) on the y-axis. There was a significant negative correlation between the BMI and the Δf-Carnitine (r = − 0.47, p = 0.01), which suggests an association between lower BMI and larger decrease of f-Carnitine. (b) Each plot depicts a relationship between the SOFA score at the time of ICU admission on the x-axis, and the change of f-Carnitine from day 0 to day 14 (Δ f-Carnitine) on the y-axis. There was a significant correlation between the SOFA score on ICU admission and the Δf-Carnitine (r = 0.46, p = 0.01), which suggests an association between high SOFA score and larger decrease of f-Carnitine. (ZIP 188 kb

Dispersion of Rod-like Particles of Nafion in Salt-Free Water/1-Propanol and Water/Ethanol Solutions

The dispersion of perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomers in catalyst inks is an important factor controlling the performance of catalyst layers in membrane electrode assemblies of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The effect of water/alcohol composition on the dispersion of H-Nafion in water/1-propanol and water/ethanol solutions was studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and ¹⁹F nuclear magnetic resonance (¹⁹F NMR) spectroscopy. Hydrodynamic radii calculated from DLS decay profiles and the radii and interparticle distance of rod-like particles derived from SAXS profiles showed almost the same dependence on alcohol concentration. 1-Propanol was more effective than ethanol to induce changes in the characteristic lengths of the rod-like particles. The motional narrowing in the ¹⁹F NMR spectra by addition of 1-propanol indicates selective solvation of the rod-like particles. We suppose this might have decreased their radii and induced their elongation, which eventually led to extension of the ordered regions as observed in the hydrodynamic radii. Our study helps to clarify the dispersion of Nafion in aqueous alcohol solutions, which has implications for the performance of PEMFCs

In Situ Hard X‑ray Photoelectron Study of O₂ and H₂O Adsorption on Pt Nanoparticles

To improve the efficiency of Pt-based cathode catalysts in polymer electrolyte fuel cells, understanding of the oxygen reduction process at surfaces and interfaces in the molecular level is essential. In this study, H₂O and O₂ adsorption and dissociation as the first step of the reduction process were investigated by in situ hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). Pt 5d valence band and Pt 3d, Pt 4f core HAXPES spectra of Pt nanoparticles upon H₂O and O₂ adsorption revealed that H₂O adsorption has a negligible effect on the electronic structure of Pt, while O₂ adsorption has a significant effect, reflecting the weak and strong chemisorption of H₂O and O₂ on the Pt nanoparticle, respectively. Combined with ab initio theoretical calculations, it is concluded that Pt 5d states responsible for Pt–O₂ bonding reside within 2 eV from the Fermi level

Patient and healthy subject characteristics.

<p>p-values, when shown in italics such as <i>p<0.01</i>, indicate that there are significant differences. Values are shown as mean ± SD (standard deviation). BMI; Body Mass Index, AST; Aspartate transaminase, ALT; Alanine transaminase, CHO; cholesterol, TG; triglyceride.</p

Scatter plots of serum total TG, VLDL-TG, non-VLDL-TG levels, and VLDL-TG/non-VLDL-TG ratios.

<p>P-values are indicated as the values between groups with bars. The mean value of each group is indicated at the bottom of each diagram. P-values, when indicated in bold with an asterisk (such as <b>0.025*)</b>, indicate significant differences. SD; standard deviation.</p