Risk ratio for the association of low eGFR with the risk of each outcome according to the presence of albuminuria, compared with normal eGFR and normoalbuminuria.

<p>Albuminuria was defined as any level of albuminuria or pooled estimate of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria. Abbreviations: normoalb, normoalbuminuria; alb, albuminuria.</p

The Impacts of Albuminuria and Low eGFR on the Risk of Cardiovascular Death, All-Cause Mortality, and Renal Events in Diabetic Patients: Meta-Analysis

<div><p>Background</p><p>Precise effects of albuminuria and low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, and renal events in diabetic patients are uncertain.</p><p>Materials and Methods</p><p>A systematic review was conducted of the literature through MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINHAL from 1950 to December 2010. Cohort studies of diabetic patients providing adjusted relative risk (RR) of albuminuria and eGFR for risks of cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, and renal events were selected. Two reviewers screened abstracts and full papers of each study using standardized protocol.</p><p>Results</p><p>We identified 31 studies fulfilling the criteria from 6546 abstracts. With regard to the risk of cardiovascular mortality, microalbuminuria (RR 1.76, 95%CI 1.38–2.25) and macroalbuminuria (RR 2.96 95%CI 2.44–3.60) were significant risk factors compared to normoalbuminuria. The same trends were seen in microalbuminuria (RR 1.60, 95%CI 1.42–1.81), and macroalbuminuria (RR 2.64, 95%CI 2.13–3.27) for the risk of all-cause mortality, and also in microalbuminuria (RR 3.21, 95%CI 2.05–5.02) and macroalbuminuria (RR 11.63, 95%CI 5.68–23.83) for the risk of renal events. The magnitudes of relative risks associated with low eGFR along with albuminuria were almost equal to multiplying each risk rate of low eGFR and albuminuria. No significant factors were found by investigating potential sources of heterogeneity using subgroup analysis.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>High albuminuria and low eGFR are relevant risk factors in diabetic patients. Albuminuria and low eGFR may be independent of each other. To evaluate the effects of low eGFR, intervention, or race, appropriately designed studies are needed.</p></div

Definitions of Albuminuria.

<p>Abbreviation: N/A, not available.</p><p>Based on Sarnak et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0071810#pone.0071810-Sarnak1" target="_blank">[12]</a>.</p

Process for identification of eligible studies Abbreviation: N/A, not available.

<p>Process for identification of eligible studies Abbreviation: N/A, not available.</p

Risk ratio for the association between albuminuria and cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, and renal events compared with normoalbuminuria.

<p>Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; RR, risk ratio.</p

Search Strategies.

<p>terms associated with Medical Subject Headings.</p

Characteristic of Studies Reporting on the Association between Albuminuria or low eGFR and Subsequent Risk of Adverse Outcomes.

a<p>Endpoints: CV mortality, cardiovascular mortality.</p>b<p>Type of DM: N/A, type of DM is not documented; T1DM, population with type 1 DM; T2DM, population with type 2 DM.</p>c<p>Study type: Obs, based on the cohort of observational study; Trial, based on the cohort of clinical trial.</p>d<p>Level of Adjustment: ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; Apo, apolipoprotein; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; dBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; ECG, electrocardiogram; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoproteins; HT, hypertension; IHD, ischemic heart disease; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; RAAS, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System; sBP, systolic blood pressure; sCr, serum creatinine TCHO, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides;</p>e<p>Cohort of American Indians.</p><p>Other abbreviations: N/A, not available; CV mortality, cardiovascular mortality; sBP, systolic blood pressure; dBP, diastolic blood pressure.</p

Additional file 1 of Inadequate care and excessive overprotection during childhood are associated with the presence of diabetes mellitus in adulthood in a general Japanese population: a cross-sectional analysis from the Hisayama Study

Additional file 1: Supplemental Table S1. Parental care and overprotection scores for all participants according to age group. Supplemental Table S2. Combination of paternal and maternal parenting styles. Supplemental Table S3. Association of the score of parental care and overprotection with the presence of diabetes after including the participants with a single parent. Supplemental Table S4. Characteristics of included and excluded subjects

Identification process for eligible studies.

<p>Identification process for eligible studies.</p

Quality assessment of included studies.

<p>Quality assessment of included studies.</p