5 research outputs found
Sall genes regulate region-specific morphogenesis in the mouse limb by modulating Hox activities
The genetic mechanisms that regulate the complex morphogenesis of
generating cartilage elements in correct positions with precise shapes during
organogenesis, fundamental issues in developmental biology, are still not well
understood. By focusing on the developing mouse limb, we confirm the
importance of transcription factors encoded by the Sall gene family in proper
limb morphogenesis, and further show that they have overlapping activities in
regulating regional morphogenesis in the autopod. Sall1/Sall3 double
null mutants exhibit a loss of digit1 as well as a loss or fusion of digit2
and digit3, metacarpals and carpals in the autopod. We show that Sall activity
affects different pathways, including the Shh signaling pathway, as well as
the Hox network. Shh signaling in the mesenchyme is partially impaired in the
Sall mutant limbs. Additionally, our data suggest an antagonism
between Sall1-Sall3 and Hoxa13-Hoxd13. We demonstrate that expression of
Epha3 and Epha4 is downregulated in the Sall1/Sall3
double null mutants, and, conversely, is upregulated in Hoxa13 and
Hoxd13 mutants. Moreover, the expression of Sall1 and
Sall3 is upregulated in Hoxa13 and Hoxd13 mutants.
Furthermore, by using DNA-binding assays, we show that Sall and Hox compete
for a target sequence in the Epha4 upstream region. In conjunction
with the Shh pathway, the antagonistic interaction between
Hoxa13-Hoxd13 and Sall1-Sall3 in the developing limb may
contribute to the fine-tuning of local Hox activity that leads to proper
morphogenesis of each cartilage element of the vertebrate autopod
Sall genes regulate region-specific morphogenesis in the mouse limb by modulating Hox activities
Additional file 2 of PMEL p.Leu18del dilutes coat color of Kumamoto sub-breed of Japanese Brown cattle
Additional file 2: Fig. S1. PMEL p.Leu18del is responsible for coat color dilution in Kumamoto sub-breed of Japanese Brown cattle
Additional file 1 of PMEL p.Leu18del dilutes coat color of Kumamoto sub-breed of Japanese Brown cattle
Additional file 1: Table S1. DNA polymorphisms in coat color-related genes identified by whole genome sequencing. Table S2. Number of animals used in each experiment